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Anatomy > Class 1 - Vertebral column > Flashcards

Class 1 - Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column contains ____ vertebrae

list the breakdown

A

33 vertebrae

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

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2
Q

Two functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. protects the spinal cord
  2. supports the trunk (rigid and flexible axis for body - posture and locomotion)
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3
Q

Spinal cord runs through the ______ ______

A

vertebral foramen

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4
Q

lamina + pedicles =

A

neural arch/vertebral arch

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5
Q

body + neural arch =

A

vertebral foramen

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6
Q

Articular facets

A

connect vertebrae to each other

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7
Q

costal facets

A

connect ribs to vertebra

ONLY THORACIC vertebrae have costal facets

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8
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches
transmits spinal nerve and accompanying vessels

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9
Q

Facets on superior and inferior articular process articulate to form the _______ _______

A

vertebral column

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10
Q

Characteristics of cervical vertebrae

A

-Overall small in size, with small bodies
-superior articular facets face superioposteriorly
-inferior articular facets face inferoanteriorly
-large, triangularly shaped vertebral foramen (d/t cervical enlargement of spinal cord
-bifid spinous process

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11
Q

C1 aka

A

atlas

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12
Q

Atlas (C1) characteristics

A

-no body (dens of C2 articulates with anterior arch of C1)
-posterior tubercle (no spinous process)
-groove for vertebral artery

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13
Q

C2 aka

A

Axis

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14
Q

Axis (C2) characteristics

A

-Dens (odontoid process) sticks up and can be considered the body of C1
-bifid spinous process

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15
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

responsible for rotation (shake head ‘no’)

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16
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Responsible for head flexion and extension (nod head ‘yes’)

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17
Q

Jefferson (burst) fracture

A

center of anterior arch fracture on C1

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18
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A

fracture of pedicle between articular facets on C2

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19
Q

Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A

-Overall intermediate in size, increasing inferiorly
- no transverse foramen
-small, round vertebral foramen
-spinous pocesses slope posterio-inferiorly, not bifid
-superior facets directed posteriorly
-inferior facets directed anteriorly

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20
Q

Complete costal facet on superior body of

A

T1

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21
Q

Demi-facet on inferior body of

A

T1

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22
Q

Demi-facets on superior and inferior bodies of

A

T2-9

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23
Q

Demi-facet on superior body of _____ only

A

T10

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24
Q

Complete costal facet on

A

T11 & T12

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25
Transverse costal facets on
T1-T10
26
From Rib 2-10 the head of the rib articulates on ____ vertebrae
two
27
Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
-Overall large in size, with a large body -Superior facets face posteromedially -Inferior facets face anteriolaterally -No transverse foramen -Triangular vertebral foramen (superiorly for lumbar enlargement of spinal cord, inferiorly for cauda equina) -short, sturdy spinous processes
28
Sacrum is formed by ___ fused vertebrae
5
29
Sacral canal
continuation of vertebral canal
30
Coccyx is usually made of ___ ridimentary vertebrae
4 can range between 3-5
31
20% of vertebral column length is made up of
intervertebral discs
32
annulus fibrosus
ring of fibrocartilage (outer region of intervertebral disc)
33
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous mass (inside vertebral disc)
34
Function of the intervertebral discs (2)
-weight bearing -shock absorption
35
Herniation/protrusion of intervertebral discs typically occurs
posterolaterally d/t annulus fibrosus being thin posteriorly, the posterior longitudinal ligament medially provides support.
36
Mechanism of herniation of intervertebral disc
breakdown of annulus fibrosus causes a leak of nucleus pulposus, compressing the spinal nerve exiting the intervertebral foramen
37
95% of lumbar disc protrusions occur at the ______ & _______ vertebral levels
L4-L5 and L5-S1
38
5ligaments of the vertebral column
1. anterior longitudinal ligament 2. supraspinous 3. interspinous 4.Ligamentum flavum 5. posterior longitudinal ligament
39
Anterior longitudinal ligament
-strong, broad fibrous band running down anteriorly along the vertebral vodies and IV discs -prevents hyperextension
40
Supraspinous ligament
runs down the tips of spinous processes from C7 - the sacrum
41
Interspinous ligament
Connect adjoining spinous processes
42
Ligamentum Flavum
-Elastic, yellow bands of tissue connecting laminae of adjacent vertebrae -Limits flexion
43
Posterior longitudinal ligament
-Narrower, somewhat weaker -Runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and IV discs -Prevents hyperflexion
44
Nuchal ligament
-Thick, fibroelastic median band running from the external occipital protuberance and posterior border of the foramen magnum to C7 spinous process -Attaches to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae, allows for attachment of back muscles where the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are shorter
45
Primary curvatures of the vertebral column
Thoracic and sacral kyphosis (concave anteriorly) present at birth
46
Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column
cervical and lumbar lordoses (concave posteriorly) cervical develops when infant holds up head lumbar develops when toddler begins standing/walking
47
Excessive thoracic kyphosis
hunched over shortened to kyphosis, colloquially called a Hump or Hunch
48
Excessive lumbar lordosis
Excessive posterior concavity shortened to lordosis, coloquially called sway/hollow back
49
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine "S" bend to spine
50
Flexion/extension movements of vertebra occur where
Mostly cervical and lumbar
51
Lateral flexion/extension movements of vertebra occur where
mostly cervical and lumbar
52
Rotation movement of the vertebra occur where
mostly cervical and thoracic
53
Meningeal coverings of the spinal cord (3)
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
54
Dura mater
"tough mother" outermost layer, thick, fibrous tissue
55
Arachnoid mater
filmy layer deep to dura mater
56
Pia mater
layer covering the spinal cord -Denticulate ligament: anchors spinal cord to dura mater, found at midpoint between two spinal nerves -Filum terminale: thin piece of pia extending distally; termination of spinal cord
57
3 spaces associated with the spinal cord
1. Epidural 2. Subdural 3. Subarachnoid
58
Epidural space
space between vertebral canal and dura mater
59
Subdural space
*potential space, seen when pathologic* space between dura mater and arachnoid mater
60
Subarachnoid space
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater -CSF located here -Lumbar cistern enlargement of subarachnoid space inferior to conus medullaris
61
Components of CNS
spinal cord and brain
62
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
63
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord to form part of the _____
PNS
64
How many cervical spinal nerves
8
65
How many thoracic spinal nerves
12
66
How many lumbar spinal nerves
5
67
How many sacral spinal nerves
5
68
How many coccygeal spinal nerves
1
69
The spinal cord has two enlargements in the _______ and _______ where there are more nerves for innervation of the limbs
cervical and lumbar
70
Cervical nerves course superior or inferior to their vertebrae?
superior
71
Thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal course superior or inferior to their vertebrae
inferior
72
what is conus medullaris
the spinal cord narrows into a cone shape as spinal nerves "leave" occurs: Adults: ~L1-L2 Neonates: ~L4-L5
73
Dural sac
dura mater surround the cauda equina ending at S2
74
Filum terminale
Internum: continuation of pia mater, from end of conus medullaris to end of dural sac at S2 Externum (coccygeal ligament): pia invests with dura from S2 to coccyx
75
Cauda equina
spinal nerve roots
76
Location for Lumbar puncture (adults)
L4 (+/- 1 level) to enter lumbar cistern
77
Purpose of lumbar puncture
to collect CSF for evaluating infections (meningitis)
78
Spinal anesthesia insertion point
L4 (+/- 1 level) risks leakage of CSF
79
Location for epidural anesthesia
Either same position as lumbar puncture or in the sacral hiatus ???
80
External and Internal vertebral venous plexus
-located around vertebrae and in vertebral canal -internal vertebral plexus is valveless -potential path for cancer metastasis

Anatomy (22 decks)

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