Class 9 Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

What qualifies as being born premature

Prematurity

A

Born before 37th week
< 2500g

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2
Q

What qualifies as being born immature

Prematurity

A

< 1500g
cannot survive outside neonatal unit

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3
Q

5-10% of pregnancies terminate prematurely due to what factors?

Prematurity

A

Maternal
Fetal
Placental

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4
Q

What is Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

NRDS

A

Premature fetus
Alveoli collapse due to lack of surfactant

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5
Q

What happens after alveoli collapse from Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

NRDS

A

Lack of oxygen
Cells damage/death
Infant can die

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6
Q

What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

SIDS

A

Unexpected death in infants

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7
Q

What are the main risk factors for SIDS?

SIDS

A

Prone sleeping
Smoke exposure
Young mother
low socioeconomic

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8
Q

How much % of body is water?
Ratio of intracellular/intercellular?

Fluid and Hemodynamic disorders

A

60%
2/3 - intracellular
1/3 - intercellular spaces

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9
Q

What factors should be considered regarding Edema?

Fluid and Hemodynamic Disorders

A

Redistribution of body fluids
Loss of fluids
Retention of fluids
Disruption of circulation

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10
Q

What is Edema

Edema

A

Excess fluid in tissues/cavities

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11
Q

What is anasarca?

Edema

A

Generalized edema

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12
Q

Edema classified as Exudate means?

Edema

A

High in protein/cells
Typical inflammation

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13
Q

Edema classified as Transudate means?

Edema

A

High in protein
Low in cells

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14
Q

Transudate Edema may accumulate due to?

Edema

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium Retention

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15
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Edema

A

Pressure pushing fluid out of capillaries into IF

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16
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

Edema

A

Proteins pull fluid back into capillaries

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17
Q

How does inflammatory edema occur?

Types of Edema

A

Fluid leaks through permeable vessel wall

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18
Q

What is hydrostatic edema?

Types of Edema

A

Intravascular pressure promotes transmembranous passage of fluids

Fluid pulled out of vessel

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19
Q

What is oncotic edema?

Types of Edema

A

Decreased plasma proteins or decreased colloid osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Obstructive edema?

Types of Edema

A

Very rare, caused by parasites or tumor cells

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21
Q

Hypervolemic Edema?

Types of Edema

A

Kidney disfunction leading to retention of sodium/water

22
Q

Edema is usually a combination of many factors, but what two major organs often cause edema?

Edema

23
Q

What is hyperemia? How many types are there?

Hyperemia

A

Too much blood in an area.
1. Active
2. Reactive
3. Passive

24
Q

What is Active Hyperemia

(aka Functional Hyperemia)

Hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow when tissue is active. Ex during exercise

25
What is Reactive Hyperemia ## Footnote Hyperemia
Increased bloodflow after being occluded (blocked)
26
What is Passive Hyperemia ## Footnote Hyperemia
Congestion. Blood backs up causing backpressure. Consequence of heart failure
27
What is cyanosis ## Footnote Edema
Bluish tissues Less oxygen
28
What is a hemorhage? Where can it occur ## Footnote Hemorhage
Loss of blood from circulatory system. Can occur internally/externally
29
How much blood can be lost without clinical consequence ## Footnote Hemorhage
10-15%
30
What is cardiac hemorrhage ## Footnote Hemorrhage
Can result from gun/stab or Heart attack Often fatal
31
What is Aortic Hemorrhage ## Footnote Hemorrhage
Caused by trauma/ weakened aortic wall
32
What is arterial hemorrhage ## Footnote Hemorrhage
Artery bleeding from gun, knife, or fracture
33
What is capillary hemorrhage ## Footnote Hemorrhage
Pinpoint droplets appearing on skin Trauma, venous pressure
33
What is Venous Hemorrhage ## Footnote Hemorrhage
Usually traumatic Dark red/not pulsating
34
Hemothorax ## Footnote Definitions
Blood in thoracic cavity
35
Hemoperitoneum ## Footnote Definitions
Blood in peritoneal cavity
36
Hemopericardium ## Footnote Definitions
Blood in pericardial cavity
37
Hematomas ## Footnote Definitions
Blood filled swellings
38
Petechiae ## Footnote Definitions
Small hemorrhages of skin/mucosa
39
Purpura ## Footnote Definitions
Medium hemorrhages of skin/mucosa
40
Ecchymoses ## Footnote Definitions
Large blotchy bruises
41
Hemoptysis ## Footnote Definitions
Blood in respiratory tract
42
Hematemesis ## Footnote Definitions
Vomiting blood
43
Melena ## Footnote Definitions
Black discoloured stool Could be stomach cancer
44
Hematochezia ## Footnote Definitions
Anorectal bleeding hemorrhoids
45
Metrorrhagia ## Footnote Definitions
Uterovaginal bleeding
46
Menorrhagia ## Footnote Definitions
Heavy menstrual bleeding
47
Hematuria ## Footnote Definitions
Blood in urine
48
Massive Acute hemorrhage. How much blood loss is lethal? ## Footnote Clinical Correlations
More than 1500ml
49
Chronic hemorrhages result in ## Footnote Clinical Correlations
(bleeding gastic ulcer/heavy menstruation) Results in Anemia