Classifications

Question 1

Where does all life store genetic information?

Answer 1

Within DNA molecules

Question 2

What translates genetic information into proteins?

Answer 2

Ribosomes (rRNA)

Question 3

What happens when nucleotides sequences are similar?

Answer 3

The more closely related the species

Question 4

How does the 3 domain classification system separate organisms?

Answer 4

Based on similarities and differences in molecular information

Question 5

What archae did Lokis 1st discover?

Answer 5

Loki Archaota (Asgardians)

Question 6

What made the Loki Archae different?

Answer 6

cytoskeleton
phagocytosis

Question 7

What are the 4 points of Domain Bacteria?

Answer 7

• Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Cell walls of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars)
• Small (1-5 micrometers)

Question 8

What are the 4 points of Domain Archaea?

Answer 8

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan
• Small (1-5 micrometers)

Question 9

Which domains are the most similar?

Answer 9

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

Question 10

Which climates are Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea found in?

Answer 10

Extreme environments, high temperatures, high salt/acid concentration

Question 11

What are the four points of Domain Eukarya?

Answer 11

• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular (Amoeba or Caramezia) and Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals)
• Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
• cell walls different from prokaryotes (cellulose, pectin, chitin)
• Cells are larger (10-100 micrometers)

Question 12

What are the four points of Eukaryotes verses Prokaryotes?

Answer 12

• Both have DNA, ribosomes (size differs), cell membranes, cytosal
• Prokaryotes have one circular DNA genome
• Eukaryotes have multiple, linear DNA genomes

*Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)

Question 13

What happens when a cell doubles in size?

Answer 13

The surface area increases faster (4x) then the volume that increases at a rate of 8x

Question 14

Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?

Answer 14

Larger

Question 15

Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?

Answer 15

Smaller

Question 16

What happens on the surface area of a cells membrane?

Answer 16

• Nutrient Exchange
• Energy Generation
• Excretion of Waste
• In other words diffusion

Question 17

About how much bigger are Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes?

Answer 17

About 10 times larger

Question 18

What do endomembrane systems do?

Answer 18

Store and transports nutrients

Question 19

What are the 7 points of life’s emergent properties?

Answer 19

1. Evolution
2. Organization
3. Structure = function
4. Interdependence
5. Energy Flow
6. Information Flow

Question 20

What are the basic units of life?

Answer 20

Cells

Question 21

What are the basic units of energy?

Answer 21

ATP

Question 22

What are the basic units of Hereditary?

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

What explains the unity and diversity of life?

Answer 23

Evolution

Question 24

What did Aristotle create?

Answer 24

The Great Chain of Being aka Scala Naturae
* He organized organisms into levels of complexity
* Angels
* Archangels
* Humans
* Diff organisms
* Devil

Question 25

What was the goal of humans in Aristotle's chain of being?

Answer 25

They strived to go up but they were dragged down by their animalistic nature

Question 26

Who was the first taxonomist?

Answer 26

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 27

What is the Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy based on?

Answer 27

Based on similarities and differences in anatomy, physiology, and nutritional characteristics

Question 28

What did Carolus Linnaeus despise?

Answer 28

He despised people who believed in mythological creatures. * In his paradox he further bashed this

Question 29

What is the most general in the taxanomic hierarchy?

Answer 29

Kingdom

Question 30

What is the most specific in taxanomic hierarchy?

Answer 30

Genus Species

Question 31

What is the ranking of the taxanomic hierarchy?

Answer 31

* Domain * Kingdom * Phylum * Class * Order * Family * Genus * Species

Question 32

Who created the binomial nomenculture?

Answer 32

Lanneus

Question 33

What is phylogeny?

Answer 33

The tracing of the evolutionary history of organisms

Question 34

When scientists select one gene to compare species what must the look for?

Answer 34

1. The gene must be present in all organisms 2. The DNA sequence must be relatively long - the longer it is, the more information it has to compare among species

Question 35

Who was the first scientist to use the DNA molecule.

Answer 35

Carl Woese

Question 36

How is the structure of ribosome built?

Answer 36

By a combination of protein and ribosomal RNA

Question 37

What specific gene did Woese focus on and how long is the nuceotide sequence?

Answer 37

The one that codes for the rRNA molecule 1500 nucleotides in length

Question 38

What allows Eukaryotes to be so large?

Answer 38

* They have endomembrane systems that store and transport nutrience where they are needed * The mitochondria moves around and makes ATP where needed

Question 39

What common ancestor did all organisms descend from?

Answer 39

LUCA

Question 40

What are the 7 common features that all forms of life on earth share?

Answer 40

* Membrane of lipid bilayer * Genetic system based on DNA * Central Dogma * Ribosomes * Relies on proteins for structure * Uses ATP for chemical energy * Common pathways of energy transformation

Question 41

What are common features about the LUKA?

Answer 41

* Lived without 02 * Fixed CO2 into organic molecules * Converted N2 to ammonia * reactions similar to the reverse citric acid cycle * H2 as a source of hydrogen atoms and electrons * Lived in hot environments (thermophilic)

Question 42

What does LUKA stand for?

Answer 42

Last Universal Common Ancestor