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Biology > CLE: 1-5 > Flashcards

CLE: 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

how long has life existed on earth

A

3.5 billion years

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2
Q

abiogenesis

A

3.8 billion years ago, natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds

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3
Q

when dd the earth form

A

4.6 billion years ago

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4
Q

timeline of life on earth

A

earth forms, abiogenesis, photosynthetic bacteria release oxygen, eukaryotes, fish, plants, amphibians, reptiles, largest mass extinction, dinosaurs, mammals, birds, flowering plants, dinosaurs and ammonites become extinct

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5
Q

when did dinosaurs and ammonites become extinct

A

65 million years ago

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6
Q

cambrian explosion

A

rapid diversification of life forms on earth that produced most of the major phyla known today

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7
Q

last universal ancestor

A

the ancestor of all life on earth today

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8
Q

events leading to life on earth

A

abiogenesis, last universal ancestor, oxygen rich atmosphere, cambrian explosion

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9
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains and traces of once living organisms

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10
Q

fossil record (palaeontology)

A

fossils preserved in rock of different ages provide a record, or time scale, of life on earth

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11
Q

the law of superposition

A

in a sequence of rock layers, a higher rock layer is younger than a lower one

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12
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossil record, comparative analogy (structures and embryology), comparative genomics

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13
Q

transitional fossil example

A

archaeopteryx - mixture of reptile and bird

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14
Q

fossil record link to evolution

A

provides evidence of past life and change in organisms over time (progressively more complex organisms found in younger layers)

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15
Q

comparative analogy

A

establishing evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms on the basis of structural similarities

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16
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have developed from the same part

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17
Q

examples of homologous structure

A

pentadactyl limb

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18
Q

embryology

A

study of the development of embryos

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19
Q

embryology (ontogeny)

A

study of the development of embryos

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20
Q

homologous structure link to evolution

A

indicates groups of organisms shared a common ancestor

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21
Q

comparative genomics (molecular evidence)

A

use of molecular information to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms

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22
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

technique used to compare similarities between DNA samples from different species

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23
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms

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24
Q

examples of comparative genomics

A

comparing differences in amino acid sequence in the blood protein haemoglobin of primates, comparison of DNA sequences

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25
comparative genomics link to evolution
indicates evolutionary relationships between organisms, a small difference indicates a recent divergence
26
relative age
the age of a fossil relative to another fossil
27
radioactive dating
measuring radioactive traces of certain elements present in the rock to determine the age of the rock and any fossils in it
28
stratigraphy
the science of rock strata, or layers
29
divergent evolution
results in a group of related species that share a recent common ancestor
30
convergent evolution
results in organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor, but may find themselves adapting in similar ways to similar environments
31
analogous structure
independently evolved structure which has a similar function
32
bioinformatics
an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data
33
phylogenetic trees
shows the evolutionary interrelationships among various species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor
34
clade
a common ancestor and all of its descendants
35
phylogeny
the study of the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms
36
macroevolution
descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations
37
speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
38
microevolution
changes in gene/allelic frequency in a population from one generation to the next
39
evolution
descent with modification from a common ancestor
40
natural selection process
ESRA. Exisiting variation, differential Selection, differential Reproduction, Adaption
41
differential selection
driven by changes in environment called selection pressures. individuals are differentially selected to survive based on whether they have geno/phenotypic characteristics to survive
42
variation in a population (existing)
due to independent assortment, crossing over, random mating and fertilisation, gene flow and mutations
43
differential reproduction
individuals that are 'selected for' are most likely to survive and grow to maturity and have the most offspring. this passes on the allelic version to succeeding generations
44
fitness
word to describe how good a particular individual is at leaving offspring in the next generation relative to how good other individuals are at it
45
example of natural selection
peppered moth
46
allopatric speciation
macroevolution through natural selection
47
allopatric speciation process
VISS. Variation, isolation, selection, speciation
48
differences which cause reproductive isolation
behavioural (mating calls and courtship behaviour), temporal (breeding seasons), mechanical (body structures)
49
desirable characteristics
those that increase the change of an individuals survival when environmental selection pressures change
50
desirable characteristics improve an individuals ability to:
compete for resources, avoid predators, resist disease, survive changes in environmental factors
51
isolation (speciation)
a barrier has formed which prevents gene flow (or interbreeding) between the two poulations
52
variation (speciation)
a range or variety of characteristics exist within a population, they share a common gene pool
53
selection (speciation)`
in each population, over a number of generations, different selection pressures will act to bring about a change in the gene frequencies of each gene pool
54
allopatric speciation example
galapagos islands, darwins finches
55
adaptive radiation
a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms
56
modification
refers to changes in the frequency of existing allelic versions of genes, and/or the introduction of beneficial mutations
57
mechanisms of evolution
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, sexual selection
58
gene flow
any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another
59
genetic drift
refers to differences in allelic frequency due to random events that change the members of a population. its affects are much more important in small populations (eg endangered species)
60
sexual selection
natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex
61
sexual selection works in two ways:
male competition, female choice
62
mutations
affect the fitness of individuals, germ line
63
mutation examples
venomous snake, gray tree frog
64
gene pool
all the allelic versions of all genes from a population
65
types of genetic drift events
bottleneck effect, founder effect
66
bottleneck effect
describes genetic drift that occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial popualtion
67
bottleneck effect example
northern elephant seals. Hunting reduced population to about 20, now about 30,000 but genes still carry the marks of the bottleneck
68
founder effect
occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population
69
founder effect example
macaroni penguins. Majority are black faced but one island only had white faced
70
artificial selection
when people instead of nature select which organisms get to reproduce
71
purpose of artificial selection
to enhance certain characteristics of an original wild type through a controlled breeding program
72
artificial selection in animals example
domestic dog. causes undesirable characteristics such as short life span in great dane, epilepsy in Alsatians
73
artificial selection in plants example
mustard plant. broccoli and cauliflower come from it
74
biogeography
the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
75
conservation planning to maintain viable gene pool in terms of gene flow
1 - monitoring and identification of species and their population locations, 2 - active involvement between stake holders to reduce barriers for migration, 3 - trapping and translocating, 4 - captive breeding
76
conservation planning to maintain viable gene pool in terms of ensuring geographical spread in case of disease or catastrophe
1 - captive breeding, 2 - zoos, 3 - seed banks
77
conservation planning to maintain viable gene pool in terms of reproductive behaviour
1 - breeding season, 2 - number of offspring, 3 - sexual selection
78
conservation planning to maintain viable gene pool in terms of population dynamics
1 - population density, fluctuations and distribution, 2 - male to female ratios, 3 - age structure, 4 - offspring survival rates
79
Why is the history of life on earth still incompletely documented
fossil record is incomplete - dead bodies decompose quickly, few bodies are suitable for preservation, earth movements and erosion destroys preserved material, some fossils remain buried, soft-bodied animals not suitable for fossilisation

Biology (10 decks)

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