DGH: 8-10

Question 1

Autosome

Answer 1

chromosomes not involved in the determination of sex of an organism

Question 2

sex chromosome

Answer 2

chromosome that determines the sex of an organism

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

the characteristic that develops in an organism. Results from the inherited genes and for some genes also from environmental influences

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

the particular set of genes carried by an organism

Question 5

homozygous/pure breeding

Answer 5

contains identical alleles for the same characteristic on each of the homologous chromosomes

Question 6

heterozygous/hybrid

Answer 6

contains different alleles for the same characteristic on each of the homologous chromosomes

Question 7

complete dominance

Answer 7

inheritance pattern in which the expression of one form of gene is masked when combined with its dominant allele

Question 8

complete recessiveness

Answer 8

inheritance pattern in which the expression of one allele (recessive form) is masked when combined with the dominant allele

Question 9

sex-linked (x-linked) conditions

Answer 9

these are traits, which are carried on the sex chromosomes

Question 10

Test crosses

Answer 10

use a homozygous recessive individual to find the genotype of an individual that displays the dominant phenotype but is of unknown genotype

Question 11

homologous chromosomes

Answer 11

a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same position but are different versions of those genes

Question 12

punnet square

Answer 12

used to help generate expected frequencies of genotype and phenotype of offspring

Question 13

monohybrid crosses

Answer 13

occur when only a single pair of alleles is involved

Question 14

hemizygous

Answer 14

name for male sex linked trait (recessive - XbY, dominant - XBY)

Question 15

pedigree analysis

Answer 15

used to determine the most likely mode of inheritance of a particular trait or disease

Question 16

independent events in a sequence

Answer 16

Multiply (A and B)

Question 17

Mutually exclusive events

Answer 17

Add (A or B)

Question 18

codominance

Answer 18

neither allele completely masks the other

Question 19

multiple alleles

Answer 19

more than one allele for a trait

Question 20

ploygenic traits

Answer 20

more than one gene controls a trait

Question 21

DNA sequencing

Answer 21

determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA

Question 22

Sanger sequencing (chain termination method)

Answer 22

traditional method using gel electrophoresis

Question 23

terminators (ddNTP’s)

Answer 23

other versions of the nucleotide bases

Question 24

Denaturing (PCR)

Answer 24

DNA heated to 94-95, to seperate double strand by breaking H bonds

Question 25

Sanger Sequencing method

Answer 25

1 - denaturation, 2 - primer attachment and extension of bases, 3- termination, 4 - gel electrophoresis

Question 26

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 26

used to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular section of DNA

Question 27

ingredients of PCR

Answer 27

DNA template, primers, bases, Taq polymerase enzyme

Question 28

PCR stages

Answer 28

1 - denaturing, 2 - annealing, 3 - extending

Question 29

annealing (PCR)

Answer 29

DNA is cooled to 50-65, so H bonds can form for primers to attach

Question 30

extending (PCR)

Answer 30

Heated to 72 to enable new DNA to be made by Taq polymerase

Question 31

PCR applications

Answer 31

To identify variations, mutations, disorders, disease and to amplify DNA

Question 32

restriction enzymes

Answer 32

involved in the cutting or fragmentation of DNA molecules. Cuts at a specific recognition site

Question 33

recognition site

Answer 33

Specific location restriction enzymes cut, where a particular sequence of nucleotides is found

Question 34

ligation

Answer 34

process used to reassemble fragments of DNA. Sticky and blunt ends are joined by DNA ligase

Question 35

gel electrophoresis

Answer 35

technique commonly used to seperate charged molecules such as DNA, according to size

Question 36

labels used in gel electrophoresis

Answer 36

dyes, fluorescent tags, radioactive labels

Question 37

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 37

method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA

Question 38

DNA profiling is used to

Answer 38

identify disaster victims, reveal family relationships, identify probable origin of a bodily fluid

Question 39

splicing

Answer 39

process by which DNA is cut and a gene from another organism is inserted

Question 40

transgene

Answer 40

gene that is inserted into a foreign organism

Question 41

transgenic

Answer 41

organism made during the genetic modification process

Question 42

genetically modified organism

Answer 42

organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered in such a way that it would not occur naturally

Question 43

vector

Answer 43

biomaterial that facilitates merging of new DNA with that of the host cells DNA

Question 44

micromanipulation techniques

Answer 44

method to make a transgenic organism

Question 45

genetic engineering

Answer 45

a technique of biotechnology where genetic material is manipulated to alter the characteristics of an organism

Question 46

gene cloning

Answer 46

process which isolates a single gene so that multiple copies can be made

Question 47

DNA identification technology in agriculture

Answer 47

parental lineage - best milk producing cows

Question 48

DNA identification technology in environmental conservation

Answer 48

captive breeding - rare and endangered species

Question 49

recombinant DNA technology in agriculture

Answer 49

genetically modified crops - bt cotton, golden rice

Question 50

recombinant DNA technology in environmental conservation

Answer 50

bioremediation - use of organisms to break down toxic chemicals

Question 51

regulatory genes

Answer 51

a gene that is involved in the production of a substance that controls or regulates the expression of one or more genes

Question 52

DNA profiling

Answer 52

1 - DNA is extracted, 2 - PCR to make copies, 3 - primers for each STR are tagged, 4 - gel electrophoresis, 5 - laser exposes fragments to display output