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Biology > DGH: 1-7 > Flashcards

DGH: 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Deoxyribonucleoc acid

A

a macromolecule that provides the instructions for making proteins

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2
Q

genome

A

all of the genetic material contained in an organism or a cell

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3
Q

karyotype

A

a display of the number and appearance of the chromosomes of an organism

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4
Q

DNA function

A

replication and protein synthesis

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5
Q

how DNA, chromosomes and genes are related?

A

a DNA molecule in cells is organised into coiled structures called chromosomes. DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins in order to fit into the nucleus. A gene is the basic unit of inheritance and is made up of DNA segments

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6
Q

Structure of DNA

A

DNA has a double helix structure, it is double stranded and the strands coil around each other like a twisted ladder

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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Base pairs

A

Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

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9
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

A

in a circular ring in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Also plasmids are smaller rings of DNA that have a limited number of genes

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10
Q

what is mitotic cell division for?

A

growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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11
Q

Somatic cells

A

normal body cells (not germ cells)

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12
Q

diploid

A

2N (chromosomes are in pairs)

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13
Q

Homologous pair

A

Pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same position but are different versions of the gene

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14
Q

Allele

A

versions of a particular gene (eg. blue eye colour)

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15
Q

what is meiotic devision for?

A

production of sex cells (gametes) and sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Haploid

A

N (one of the homologous chromosomes from parent cell)

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17
Q

Animal male gamete

A

Sperm (produced in testes)

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18
Q

Animal female gamete

A

eggs or ovum (produced in ovaries)

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19
Q

plant male gamete

A

pollen (produced in anther)

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20
Q

plant female gamete

A

egg cell (produced in ovary)

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21
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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22
Q

centromere

A

place where sister chromatids join

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23
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a double stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce 2 identical DNA molecules

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24
Q

topoisomerase

A

enzyme that causes the double helix to unwind from histone proteins

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25
DNA helicase
'unzips' the DNA molecule by breaking apart the hydrogen bonds (produces a replication fork)
26
Okazaki fragments
sections of replicated DNA
27
DNA ligase
joins okazaki fragments together
28
DNA polymerase
builds a new complimentary DNA strand by adding nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction
29
DNA primase
provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to being synthesis of new DNA strand
30
characteristics of mitosis
no genetic variation in daughter cells, involves 1 nuclear division, maintains chromosome number, 2 daughter cells that are diploid
31
stages of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
32
characteristics of meiosis
halves chromosome number, 4 daughter cells that are haploid, involves 2 nuclear divisions, creates genetic variation
33
stages of meiosis
meiosis 1, meiosis 2
34
zygote
diploid cell that is a result of the fusing of 2 haploid sex cells
35
asexual reproduction
type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism and inherit the genes of that parent only. It does not involve the fusion of gametes.
36
binary fission
division in half
37
mutation
the sudden changing of the structure of DNA
38
causes of mutations
errors in DNA replication, errors in cell division or exposure to mutagens
39
effects of mutations
in somatic cells, can lead to cancer. In sex cells, can be passed onto offspring
40
apoptosis
a gene that stops the daughter cells dying
41
nondisjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to seperate properly during meiosis
42
mutagen
a physical, chemical or biological agent that changes the genetic material of an organism and thus increases frequency of mutations above the natural mutation rate
43
carcinogen
a mutagen known to cause cancer
44
SNP
single nucleotide polymorphism
45
silent mutation
no effect
46
missense mutation
a different amino acid to the original is brought into place, resulting in a protein that may be non-functional
47
nonsense mutation
the mutated base results in a 'stop' codon being introduced and this results in an incomplete protein being made
48
point mutation
single base in the DNA sequence is changed, one base is replaced by another
49
frameshift mutation
insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides from within the original DNA sequence
50
neutral mutation
survival is unaffected
51
deleterious mutation
disrupts the function of the encoded protein diminishing the ability of the organism to survive
52
beneficial mutation
leads to a new allele that benefits the survival of an organism
53
transcription
when the DNA in a gene is copied to produce RNA
54
pre-mRNA processing
introns are removed, exons are spliced and a cap and tail is added
55
translation
when the code within the mRNA sequence is used to produce the amino acid polypeptide chain
56
introns
non-coding segments of DNA
57
exons
coding segments of DNA
58
gene expression
is when genes are 'switched on', ultimately ending in the production of a functional protein
59
structural proteins
provide the shape and structure of the cell ro carry out its function
60
functional proteins
specialised proteins which control the rates of reaction for the specific chemical reactions going on in each cell
61
phenotype
the characteristics of a cell and hence, the sum of the characteristics of an organism, that is determined by its protein expression
62
primary structure
unique linear sequence of amino acids in the ploypeptide chains that make a protein
63
secondary structure
coils or folds in ploypeptidde chains
64
tertiary structure
folding of the secondary structures into a complex and compacted shape
65
quaternary structure
the interaction between several polypeptide chains into one functional macromolecule
66
promoter
a short nucleotide sequence that signals the start of a gene
67
independent assortment
the process where the homologous chromosomes line up (assort) randomly at the equator and then move to seperate poles, independent of each other, during the first diversion of meiosis
68
types of mutagens
chemical, physical, biological
69
example of a physical mutagen
UV light, nuclear/ionising radiation
70
example of a chemical mutagen
mimics a nitrogen base, mustard gas, nitric acid
71
example of a biological mutagen
bacterial - crown gall
72
polyribosomes
ribosomes that occur in chains all binding to a single mRNA strand. Allows a large number of polypeptides to be made from a single strand in a short time
73
genotype
set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for particular traits
74
phenotype
the physical expression, or characteristics, of a trait
75
factors that influence phenotype
temperature, light, soil pH
76
how is variation created in sexually producing organisms
meiosis (independent assortment and crossing over), fertilisation, germ cell mutations
77
independent assortment
process where homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the equator and move to seperate poles, independent of each other
78
No. of different combinations of zygote?
2 to the power of n
79
crossing over
when chromosomes pair up, sections of chromatids on adjacent chromosomes will swap places

Biology (10 decks)

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