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MO Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular to multicellular

A

atoms - molecules - macromolecules - organelles - cells - tissue - organ - organ systems - organism1

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2
Q

unicellular

A

organism made up of one cell, no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

multicellular

A

organism made up of more than one cell

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4
Q

prokaryotic cells to multicellular organism

A

prokaryotic cell - eukaryotic cell - colonies - multicellular organisms

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5
Q

cell specialisation

A

different cell shapes and structures which relate to the specific function or roles that the specific cell has. increases the efficiency of the organism

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6
Q

cell differentiation

A

process of cell specialisation, occurs at very early stage of development

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7
Q

examples of specialised cells

A

skin cells, muscle cells, lung cells, sperm cells

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8
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialised, have the potential to divide and replicate, can differentiate to form specialised cells

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9
Q

advantage of cell specialisation

A

increase efficiency and reduce duplication effort

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10
Q

disadvantage of cell specialisation

A

increased need for communication and coordination process

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11
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell with a specific structure and function

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12
Q

tissue

A

specific type of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

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13
Q

Organ

A

Collection of different types of tissues working together to perform a function

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14
Q

organ system

A

a collection of organs that work together to perform a specific function

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15
Q

connective tissue

A

Binds/supports other tissues.Protects against damage/infection/heat loss

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16
Q

epithelial (outside) tissue

A

protects organs, lines body cavities, covers the surface of the body, some specialised for absorption, secretion, excretion

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17
Q

nervous tissue

A

provides communication between all body structures, very specialised cell structure

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18
Q

muscle tissue

A

thread-like cells that are capable of contracting

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19
Q

shoot system

A

made of organs including stem, leaves, flowers. Its role is support, transport of substances, absorption of gases, production of food

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20
Q

root system

A

responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil

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21
Q

unicellular organism gas exchange

A

diffusion (large SA/V ratio)

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22
Q

Adaptions for gas exchange (animals)

A

moist, thin and permeable, large SA, concentration gradient maintained

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23
Q

Tracheal gas exchange

A

anthropoids; distributes oxygen directly to cells, only efficient for animals smaller than 5cm in length

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24
Q

Tracheae

A

system of branched air tubes throughout the body. Divide into tracheoles

25
spiracles
slit-like openings on the side of anthropoids used in gas exchange. when closed, prevent loss of water vapour
26
Gas exchange process in Tracheal system
1 - tracheoles fill with fluid. 2 - oxygen diffuses into spiracles to trachea to tracheoles, dissolving into fluid. 3 - oxygen diffuses from fluid into cells. 4 - carbon dioxide is released and signals spiracles to open and muscles to contract, pushing carbon dioxide out
27
ventilation movement
brought by the contraction of the body wall muscles
28
Lung gas exchange
mammals; have a high demand for oxygen and produce a lot od carbon dioxide as they are endotherms
29
Gas exchange process in lungs
OXYGEN - atmosphere - mouth/nose - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - bloodstream - cells
30
alveoli
gas exchange surface in lungs, surrounded by blood capillaries, deep in body to stay moist
31
Gas exchange process in gills
water comes in mouth when open - mouth closes and water is pushed through gills and out through operculum
32
gill gas exchange
fish; water has low concentration of oxygen, lots of water has to flow through for fish to get enough
33
concurrent gas exchange system
blood flows through vessels in opposite direction to lamellae. most oxygenated blood meets most oxygenated water (maintain concentration gradient)
34
gas exchange in skin
amphibians; cutaneous system
35
Gas exchange process in skin
eg frogs. skin is moist, tiny blood vessels near surface help diffuse oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. most breathe through noses with mouths closed.
36
nutrition
the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues
37
digestion
the physical/chemical process of breaking down complex insoluble food into small soluble substances that are suitable for the body to absorb
38
parasitic
organisms that live on or inside other living organisms called hosts and obtain their food from them
39
saprophytic
organisms that derive their food from dead organisms by secreting enzymes to break them down
40
holozoic
organisms that ingest complex substances without them being decomposed
41
gastrovascular cavity
found in primitive animal phyla and is responsible for both digestion of food and transport of nutrients throughout the body
42
alimentary canal
organisms with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other, one-way digestive tract
43
peristalsis
rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal
44
process of human digestion
mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine
45
ruminants
fore-gut fermenters
46
non-ruminants
hind-gut fermenters
47
process of rumination digestion
rumen - reticulum - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - cecum
48
process of non-rumination digestion
esophagus - stomach - small intestine - cecum - large intestine
49
blood
plasm and cells specialised for transport and immune response/defence
50
heart
muscular pump that moves blood through one or two circulations of the body
51
plasma
yellow liquid containing many dissolved substances
52
red blood cells
cells with no nucleus that contain haemoglobin which transport respiratory gases
53
white blood cells
fight infections and produce antibodies, they are larger than red blood cells
54
platelets
cell fragments that promote blood clotting
55
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
56
veins
carry blood to the heart
57
capillaries
carry blood between arteries and veins
58
closed circulatory system oxygen path
inhaled into alveoli - molecules attach to RBC - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - pushed around body

Biology (10 decks)

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