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Anatomy 1 > Clinical Anatomy of the Face > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton of the head?

A

neurocranium
viscerocranium

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2
Q

What does the neurocranium encompass?

A

(bony covering of brain and meninges)
Roof called the calvaria
Floor called the cranial base

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3
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium?

A

Eight bones
frontal (1)
ethmoid (1)
sphenoid (1)
occipital (1)
temporal (2)
parietal (2)

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4
Q

What does the viscerocranium encompass?

A

facial skeleton

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5
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

14 bones
maxillary (2)
mandible (1)
nasal (2)
inferior nasal concha (2)
zygoma (2)
palate (2)
lacrimal (2)
vomer (1)

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6
Q

What does pneumatised mean and what bones have this property?

A

air within the bones.

the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones, these are in the form of paranasal sinuses.

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7
Q

Where are mastoid air cells and where it is found?

A

in the temporal bone where the mastoid lies behind ear

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8
Q

Where is the weakest point of the skull?

A

the pterion

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9
Q

What is the ear canal called?

A

external auditory meatus

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10
Q

What can rupture due to trauma to the pterion and what would it be called?

A

middle meningeal artery
extradural haemorrhage

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11
Q

How much of communication do our faces provide?

A

80-90%

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12
Q

What areas of the facial skeleton take longer to grow than the calvaria?

A

orbit, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth

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13
Q

What are the 6 regions of the head?

A

Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
Auricular
Mastoid

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14
Q

What are the 8 regions of the face?

A

Zygomatic region
Infra-orbital region
Nasal region
Orbital region
Oral region
Buccal region
Parotid region
Mental region

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15
Q

What are 10 regions of the neck

A

Submandibular triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle
Submental triangle
Sternocleidomastoid Region
Lesser supraclavicular fossa
Lateral Cervical Region (Posterior Triangle of Neck)
Omoclavicular triangle
Posterior Cervical Region

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16
Q

Where is oral cancer found usually?

A

side of the tongue – lateral, and would be a squamous cell carcinoma.

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17
Q

What does more inflamed lymph nodes mean in a cancer patient?

A

The greater the number of lymph nodes, and the further the spread of this in a patient, the worse the prognosis for their condition.

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18
Q

Memorise surface anatomy of face

A

Moore and Daley - Clinically Orientated Anatomy

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19
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A

Cervical - 8
Thoracic -12
Lumbar -5
Sacral -5
Coccygeal -1

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20
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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21
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise?

A

brain and brainstem

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22
Q

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions

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23
Q

What divisions provide only sensory sensation?

A

ophthalmic and maxillary

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24
Q

What motor function does the mandibular division have?

A

motor function to muscles of mastication

anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle (these are suprahyoid muscles)

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25
Q

What glands does the facial nerve innervate?

A

submandibular
sublingual

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26
Q

What muscles does the facial nerve innervate?

A

muscles of facial expression

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27
Q

What special sense does the facial nerve?

A

taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue
supplied by the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve

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28
Q

What does the ophthalmic nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

Forehead and scalp
Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses
Upper eyelid and its conjunctiva
Cornea
Dorsum of the nose
Lacrimal gland
Parts of the meninges and tentorium cerebelli (recurrent tentorial branch)

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29
Q

What does the maxillary nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

Lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
Cheeks and maxillary sinus
Nasal cavity and lateral nose
Upper lip
Upper molar, incisor, premolar canine teeth and the associated gingiva
Superior palate

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30
Q

What does the mandibular nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

Mucous membranes and floor of the oral cavity
External ear
Lower lip
Chin
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (only general sensation)
Lower molar, incisor and canine teeth and the associated gingiva

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31
Q

What viruses affect the trigeminal nerve?

A

herpes simplex
varicella zoster virus (VZV

32
Q

In 20% of people, varicella zoster virus (VZV) is reactivated, what can this cause?

A

shingles
herpes zoster

33
Q

How to test for masseter function?

A

ask patient to clench jaw and relax and feel the angle of mandible
contraction should happen

34
Q

How many facial muscles are present and how are they arranged?

A

43 around the orifices of the face

35
Q

What are the muscles attached to?

A

bone or fascia

36
Q

What are the muscles of the face expression supplied by?

A

facial nerve

37
Q

Where are the attachments of the orbiculares oris and what is it’s function?

A

Originates from the maxilla and cheek muscles

Inserting into skin and mucous membrane of the lips.

Involved in pursing of the lips

38
Q

What is the innervation of orbiculares oris?

A

buccal branch of facial nerve

39
Q

Where are the attachments of the buccinator and what is it’s function?

A

Originates from the maxilla and the mandible

Extends down to blend with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips.

Pulls cheeks inwards resulting in pushing food and fluid into the centre of the oral cavity.

40
Q

What is the innervation of the buccinator?

A

buccal branch of facial nerve

41
Q

What are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Orbital
Palpebral

42
Q

What does the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi do?

A

orbits the eyes
strong closure of the eyes, thicker part of this muscle

43
Q

What does the palpebral part of theorbicularis oculi do?

A

in eyelids and can do soft closure of the eyes including blinking

44
Q

What are the auricular muscles?

A

very small and vestigial (no function) in humans and few of us are able to easily move our ears voluntarily.

45
Q

Where does the parotid gland sit?

A

anterior to the ear, a little below it

46
Q

Where does the parotid duct pass?

A

passes from the anterior aspect and enters the oral cavity opp the second upper molar tooth.

47
Q

What are the 3 major structures that pass through the parotid gland?

A

facial nerve
external carotid artery (and terminal branches)
retromandibular vein (superficial temporal and maxillary veins unite)

48
Q

What is fascia?

A

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

49
Q

What is the parotid gland encased by?

A

fascia

50
Q

What virus is mumps caused by?

A

paramyxovirus

51
Q

What do mumps cause?

A

swelling of the parotid gland and stretching of the fascia

52
Q

What can mumps lead to?

A

deafness, infertility and meningitis

53
Q

What is the most common cranial neuropathy?

A

bells palsy

54
Q

When is bells palsy diagnosed?

A

only if no specific cause is found (stroke)

55
Q

What medications can be used to treat bells palsy?

A

Prednisolone (steroid inflammation)

Acyclovir (anti-viral)

56
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the face?

A

the stylomastoid foramen.

57
Q

What % of head and neck tumours does glands account for?

A

3%

58
Q

What % are benign?

A

70-80%

59
Q

What does the temporal branch of facial nerve innervate?

A

innervates the frontalis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii

60
Q

What does the zygomatic branch of facial nerve innervate?

A

Innervates the orbicularis oculi.

61
Q

What does the buccal branch of facial nerve innervate?

A

Innervates the orbicularis oris, buccinator and zygomaticus muscles.

62
Q

What does the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve innervate?

A

Innervates the mentalis muscle and depressors

63
Q

What does the cervical branch of facial nerve innervate?

A

Innervates the platysma

64
Q

What is the preferred method of parotidectomy?

A

anterograde - find main branch of facial nerve and trace out smaller branches

65
Q

Why are electrodes used In parotidectomy?

A

buzz any areas that look like the facial nerve and see if they pick up impulses

66
Q

Why is identifying the angle of the mandible important?

A

course of marginal mandibular division of the facial nerve. Damage to that branch can result in loss of function of those muscles at the lower lip.

67
Q

Why is betadine used on the skin?

A

anti-septic

68
Q

What muscle is responsible for turning the head to the opposite side?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

69
Q

What nerve can be used for nerve grafting if there is damage to the facial nerve?

A

great auricular nerve

70
Q

What does facial reanimation treatment depend on?

A

level of injury
duration of paralysis (>12 not viable)

71
Q

What are the classifications of facial reanimation?

A

Immediate/early reconstruction (dynamic)

Intermediate reconstruction (dynamic)

Late reconstruction (static) -trying to make function more symmetrical, no function

72
Q

What is hypoglossal anastomoses?

A

joining of the hypoglossal nerve and facial nerve to reinnervate facial branches due to damage

73
Q

When is hypoglossal anastomoses done?

A

intermediate reconstruction (dynamic)

not used in long standing facial paralysis as nerve fibres die

74
Q

What are the consequences of hypoglossal anastomoses and what was the solution?

A

patients then had contraction of their face every time they ate and drank,
with intense craniofacial physiotherapy and botulinum toxin type B injections to the face it allowed reconnections

75
Q

How is static facial reanimation using fascia late done?

A

endoscopic removal of fascia late from thigh and insertion in and around the zygomatic bone and anchored to the modiolus – the corner of the mouth. Placing here prevents the joker smile.

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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