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Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory tract?

A

lower
upper

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract?

A

conduction of air (warms and humidifies)
respiration (gas exchange)
protection against pathogens (mucous)

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3
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

A

nose, paranasal sinuses, mouth (including tonsils), pharynx, larynx

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4
Q

What is the bone in the midline of the nose?

A

vomer

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5
Q

What are the nostrils called anatomically?

A

nares

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6
Q

How to treat a nosebleed?

A

lean forward to avoid blood in stomach

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7
Q

Where do the nasolacrimal and paranasal sinus ducts open?

A

nasal cavity

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8
Q

What connective tissues make up the nasal septum?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

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9
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct link with?

A

the eyes causing tears to exit through nose

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10
Q

What is the lining of the external portion of nose?

A

skin stratified squamous keratinised epithelium with hair

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11
Q

What is the lining of the internal portion of the nose?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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12
Q

What is the lining of the olfactory segment of the nose?

A

ciliated pesudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells + olfactory receptors

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13
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found in nasal cavity?

A

roof of nasal cavity - few cm posterior and superior to the nostrils

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14
Q

How do olfactory receptors work?

A

Olfactory receptors are able to detect air-borne odour molecules that enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors. The activation of olfactory receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system.

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15
Q

What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lightening the weight of the head
Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity
Humidifying inspired air
Voice resonance

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16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinuses
Sphenoid Sinuses
Ethmoidal Sinuses
maxillary sinuses

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17
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses named after?

A

the bone they are found in

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18
Q

What is a fistula?

A

an abnormal connection between two epithelium lined organs that do not connect

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19
Q

What is an oral-antral fistula?

A

an opening created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth

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20
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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21
Q

What is the lower respiratory made of?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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22
Q

Where is sound generated (voice box)?

A

larynx

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23
Q

What vertebral region is the larynx?

A

cervical 3-6

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24
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

produces sound
protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing.

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25
Where does the adam's apple sit?
thyroid cartilage
26
What does a large larynx correlate with?
a deeper voice
27
Why is the adam's apple more prominent in males?
testosterone causes the cartilage to grow forward pulling the voice box with it
28
What are the true vocal cords lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
29
What are the unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx skeleton?
the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis,
30
What are the paired cartilages that make up the larynx skeleton?
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages.
31
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
thyroid
32
What cartilage is attached to the vocal cords?
Arytenoid cartilages
33
What does cuneiform cartilage surround?
Aryepiglottic folds
34
What is hyoid bone?
Hyoid bone is the only bone of the body not connected to any others. It is horse-shoe shaped and found between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. It serves as an attachment of anterior neck muscles.
35
What cartilage is the only cartilage that completes encircles the larynx?
cricoid
36
Where is the Aryepiglottic fold?
located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages.
37
What is a cricothyroidotomy?
emergency only procedure where there may be major facial trauma, upper airway obstruction or swelling (oedema) in the face or upper neck resulting in an inability to breathe. It involves an incision being made in the skin, and then into the cricothyroid membrane and placing tubing into the space to maintain a patent airway.
38
Where does the trachea begin?
cervical 6 -lower cricoid
39
Roughly how many cartilaginous rings make up the trachea and what is their shape?
15-20, c shaped
40
What is the smooth muscle that is at the posterior of the trachea?
trachealis
41
What is a tracheostomy?
long-term ventilation through a hole in the trachea
42
What is the difference between the right and left bronchus
right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and has a greater diameter
43
Where are foreign bodies most likely to go?
right bronchus
44
What type of cell produces surfactant?
Type II pneumoocytes (alveolus)
45
How do you test the nerves of the pharynx?
to test the vagus nerve, ask the patient to say “AH,” which will cause the pharynx to elevate, and observe the position of the uvula. When the palatal muscles works properly, the “AH,” sound should be clear and the uvula should not move to one side.
46
What distinct the left and right lungs anatomically?
the right has 3 lobes, and a horizontal fissure
47
How far does the apex of the lungs reach into the neck?
One inch above the medial third of the clavicle
48
What is directly inferior to the base of the lungs?
diaphragm
49
When clinically examining the lungs, it is so important to listen to the back of the chest. Why?
The inferior lobe (where pathologies commonly affect e.g. pneumonia) of each lung is located posteriorly
50
What chamber of the heart does the pulmonary artery come from?
right ventricle
51
What is the purpose of the conchae?
Increase surface area for air to be moisturised/humidified/warmed
52
What structures drain into this point of the nasal cavity (where the conchae is)?
Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
53
What type of epithelium is found on the nasal conchae?
respiratory epithelium
54
If the conchae became swollen due to infection, what would the impact of this be on the patient?
Blockage of nose/deviated septum, leading to reduced air flow through nasal cavity
55
What is the structure that links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?
Cricothyroid membrane
56
What is unique about the cricoid cartilage?
Signet ring shaped and only cartilage here that forms a complete circle
57
What emergency clinical procedure can be performed at the site between the cricoid and thyroid?
Cricothyroidotomy
58
Why is this clinical procedure performed at this site (cricothyroidtomy), i.e. what anatomical structure is being avoided?
As it is inferior to the vocal folds, it avoids any damage to these essential structures for speech
59
What is unique about the tracheal rings?
Incomplete C shaped rings
60
What replaces the deficient area posteriorly where there is no cartilage in the trachea?
Trachealis (smooth muscle)
61
What type of epithelium exists in the trachea?
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
62
What is the mucociliary escalator?
The beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly towards the oropharynx for expulsion, or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid
63
What are the subdivisions of the pharynx called?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
64
What nerves supply the pharynx?
vagus glossopharyngeal sometimes accessory
65
If the nerves supplying the pharynx were paralysed, what simple clinical test can you do to confirm your suspicions?
Ask patient to say aggh and you would see non-movement of the uvula
66
At what level of the neck does the larynx sit in relation to the cervical vertebrae?
C3-6
67
What is a tracheostomy?
Insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation
68
Where would a tracheostomy tube be placed?
2-5th tracheal space
69
Why is this procedure (tracheostomy) performed?
Failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required etc.
70
What are the complications of a tracheostomy?
Stenosis, failure, infection, slippage out of site
71
What does the hilum connect?
Lungs with mediastinum
72
What are the black nodules that can be found at the hilum?
Lymph nodes
73
When may these black nodules become inflammed?
Infection or tumour eg cancer
74
Why are these nodules black in appearance?
Carbon deposits in the macrophages
75
What covers/surrounds the lungs?
Pleura (parietal and visceral layers)
76
How can you tell the difference between the left and right main bronchi?
The right main bronchus is more vertical, greater diameter and shorter
77
What are the next 2 divisions that occur after the primary bronchi?
Lobar and segmental bronchi
78
Where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity?
Posterior end of hiatus semilunaris
79
Why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal?
Its opening is high up on its medial wall meaning there is a potential large space to be filled before drainage
80
What is an oro-antral fistula?
Abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum (sinus)
81
What teeth are most likely to cause this problem when extracted?
Premolars and molars
82
What cartilage are the vocal folds attached to?
thyroid
83
What hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence?
testosterone
84
What is the purpose of the larynx?
Altering pitch and volume of speech
85
What nerves supply the larynx?
Vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerves)

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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