Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory tract?

A

lower
upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract?

A

conduction of air (warms and humidifies)
respiration (gas exchange)
protection against pathogens (mucous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

A

nose, paranasal sinuses, mouth (including tonsils), pharynx, larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the bone in the midline of the nose?

A

vomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the nostrils called anatomically?

A

nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to treat a nosebleed?

A

lean forward to avoid blood in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do the nasolacrimal and paranasal sinus ducts open?

A

nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What connective tissues make up the nasal septum?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct link with?

A

the eyes causing tears to exit through nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the lining of the external portion of nose?

A

skin stratified squamous keratinised epithelium with hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lining of the internal portion of the nose?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lining of the olfactory segment of the nose?

A

ciliated pesudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells + olfactory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found in nasal cavity?

A

roof of nasal cavity - few cm posterior and superior to the nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do olfactory receptors work?

A

Olfactory receptors are able to detect air-borne odour molecules that enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors. The activation of olfactory receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lightening the weight of the head
Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity
Humidifying inspired air
Voice resonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinuses
Sphenoid Sinuses
Ethmoidal Sinuses
maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses named after?

A

the bone they are found in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a fistula?

A

an abnormal connection between two epithelium lined organs that do not connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an oral-antral fistula?

A

an opening created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the lower respiratory made of?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is sound generated (voice box)?

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What vertebral region is the larynx?

A

cervical 3-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

produces sound
protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the adam’s apple sit?

A

thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a large larynx correlate with?

A

a deeper voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is the adam’s apple more prominent in males?

A

testosterone causes the cartilage to grow forward pulling the voice box with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the true vocal cords lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx skeleton?

A

the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the paired cartilages that make up the larynx skeleton?

A

arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

A

thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What cartilage is attached to the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does cuneiform cartilage surround?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is hyoid bone?

A

Hyoid bone is the only bone of the body not connected to any others. It is horse-shoe shaped and found between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. It serves as an attachment of anterior neck muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What cartilage is the only cartilage that completes encircles the larynx?

A

cricoid

36
Q

Where is the Aryepiglottic fold?

A

located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages.

37
Q

What is a cricothyroidotomy?

A

emergency only procedure where there may be major facial trauma, upper airway obstruction or swelling (oedema) in the face or upper neck resulting in an inability to breathe.
It involves an incision being made in the skin, and then into the cricothyroid membrane and placing tubing into the space to maintain a patent airway.

38
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

cervical 6 -lower cricoid

39
Q

Roughly how many cartilaginous rings make up the trachea and what is their shape?

A

15-20, c shaped

40
Q

What is the smooth muscle that is at the posterior of the trachea?

A

trachealis

41
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

long-term ventilation through a hole in the trachea

42
Q

What is the difference between the right and left bronchus

A

right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and has a greater diameter

43
Q

Where are foreign bodies most likely to go?

A

right bronchus

44
Q

What type of cell produces surfactant?

A

Type II pneumoocytes (alveolus)

45
Q

How do you test the nerves of the pharynx?

A

to test the vagus nerve, ask the patient to say “AH,” which will cause the pharynx to elevate, and observe the position of the uvula. When the palatal muscles works properly, the “AH,” sound should be clear and the uvula should not move to one side.

46
Q

What distinct the left and right lungs anatomically?

A

the right has 3 lobes, and a horizontal fissure

47
Q

How far does the apex of the lungs reach into the neck?

A

One inch above the medial third of the clavicle

48
Q

What is directly inferior to the base of the lungs?

A

diaphragm

49
Q

When clinically examining the lungs, it is so important to listen to the back of the chest. Why?

A

The inferior lobe (where pathologies commonly affect e.g. pneumonia) of each lung is located posteriorly

50
Q

What chamber of the heart does the pulmonary artery come from?

A

right ventricle

51
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae?

A

Increase surface area for air to be moisturised/humidified/warmed

52
Q

What structures drain into this point of the nasal cavity (where the conchae is)?

A

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

53
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the nasal conchae?

A

respiratory epithelium

54
Q

If the conchae became swollen due to infection, what would the impact of this be on the patient?

A

Blockage of nose/deviated septum, leading to reduced air flow through nasal cavity

55
Q

What is the structure that links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

56
Q

What is unique about the cricoid cartilage?

A

Signet ring shaped and only cartilage here that forms a complete circle

57
Q

What emergency clinical procedure can be performed at the site between the cricoid and thyroid?

A

Cricothyroidotomy

58
Q

Why is this clinical procedure performed at this site (cricothyroidtomy), i.e. what anatomical structure is being avoided?

A

As it is inferior to the vocal folds, it avoids any damage to these essential structures for speech

59
Q

What is unique about the tracheal rings?

A

Incomplete C shaped rings

60
Q

What replaces the deficient area posteriorly where there is no cartilage in the trachea?

A

Trachealis (smooth muscle)

61
Q

What type of epithelium exists in the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

62
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

The beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly towards the oropharynx for expulsion, or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid

63
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pharynx called?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

64
Q

What nerves supply the pharynx?

A

vagus
glossopharyngeal
sometimes accessory

65
Q

If the nerves supplying the pharynx were paralysed, what simple clinical test can you do to confirm your suspicions?

A

Ask patient to say aggh and you would see non-movement of the uvula

66
Q

At what level of the neck does the larynx sit in relation to the cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-6

67
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

Insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation

68
Q

Where would a tracheostomy tube be placed?

A

2-5th tracheal space

69
Q

Why is this procedure (tracheostomy) performed?

A

Failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required etc.

70
Q

What are the complications of a tracheostomy?

A

Stenosis, failure, infection, slippage out of site

71
Q

What does the hilum connect?

A

Lungs with mediastinum

72
Q

What are the black nodules that can be found at the hilum?

A

Lymph nodes

73
Q

When may these black nodules become inflammed?

A

Infection or tumour eg cancer

74
Q

Why are these nodules black in appearance?

A

Carbon deposits in the macrophages

75
Q

What covers/surrounds the lungs?

A

Pleura (parietal and visceral layers)

76
Q

How can you tell the difference between the left and right main bronchi?

A

The right main bronchus is more vertical, greater diameter and shorter

77
Q

What are the next 2 divisions that occur after the primary bronchi?

A

Lobar and segmental bronchi

78
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity?

A

Posterior end of hiatus semilunaris

79
Q

Why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal?

A

Its opening is high up on its medial wall meaning there is a potential large space to be filled before drainage

80
Q

What is an oro-antral fistula?

A

Abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum (sinus)

81
Q

What teeth are most likely to cause this problem when extracted?

A

Premolars and molars

82
Q

What cartilage are the vocal folds attached to?

A

thyroid

83
Q

What hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence?

A

testosterone

84
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx?

A

Altering pitch and volume of speech

85
Q

What nerves supply the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerves)

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions