Clinical Chemistry Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
clinical chemistry is also known
A
clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology, medical biochemistry, or pure blood chemistry
2
Q
are of pathology that is concerned with the quantitative analysis of substances found in the blood or serum
A
clinical chemistry
3
Q
which other fluids are also analyzed in clinical chemistry
A
urine, spinal fluid, and pleural fluid
4
Q
substance for which analyses are performed
A
analyte
5
Q
groups of individual tests are called
A
panels
6
Q
provides a broad database, demonstrating multisystemic involvements
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panels
7
Q
most tested body fluid
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serum or plasma
8
Q
how many kinds of test does large laboratories accept
A
up to 700
9
Q
study of hormones
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endocrinology
10
Q
study of immune system and antibodies
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immunology
11
Q
study of drugs
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pharmacology or toxicology
12
Q
what solutes are found in the liquid portion of the blood that is responsible for 5% of its composition
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proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, electrolytes
13
Q
state of the art fully automated facility and also busiest
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clinical chemistry
14
Q
duties or tests performed in clinical laboratory
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Fasting Blood Sugar
HBA1c
Lipid Profile
TAG
BUA
Creatinine
Total Protein
Albumin: Globulin ratio
Electrolytes
Clinical Enzymology
TSH, T3 and T4
Estrogen, Prolactin, Testerone
15
Q
used to detect diabetes, measures glucose and the patient must have undergone fasting
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Fasting Blood Sugar
16
Q
HBA1c is also known as
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glycosylated hemoglobin
17
Q
measure glucose levels for the past 3 months
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HBA1c
18
Q
what do we measure in Lipid Profile
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Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein
19
Q
TAG stands for
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triglycerides
20
Q
BUA stands for
A
Blood Uric Acid
21
Q
BUN stands for
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Blood Urea Nitrogen
22
Q
Creatinine tests
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creatine
23
Q
Electrolytes
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Na, K+, Cl-
24
Q
clinical enzymology tests
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enzymes
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hormones tested in clinical chem
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Triodo Thyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Estrogen, Prolactin, Testosterone
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3 principles in automation
Continous Flow Analyzer
Discrete Analysis
Centrifugal Analysis
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in continous flow analyzers, samples flow through what?
a common vessel/pathway
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in continous flow analyzers, liquids are pumped through a system of
continous tubing
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in continous flow analyzers, this serves as seperating and cleansing media
air bubbles
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in discrete analysis, each sample reagent mixture is handled seperately in its?
own vessel
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in discrete analysis, it uses a variety of what to aspirate and dispense 2-6 microliters of samples and reagents
syringe pipettes
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discrete analysis is capable of running
multiple tests one sample at a time
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in centrifugal analysis, which force is used
centrifugation
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centrifugal analysis is used to?
transfer specimen and reagents
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major advantage of centrifuge
batch analysis
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kinds of centrifuges
horizontal, angle head, cytocentrifuge, ultracentrifuge
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most commonly used centrifuge used in clinical chemistry
horizontal and angle head
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swinging bucket centrifuge
horizontal
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fixed angle centrifuge
angle head
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concentrates cells in body fluids
cytocentrifuge
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seperate liproteins
ultracentrifuge
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Water Reagents
Type I,II,III
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Type I water reagents is also known as
highest purity or ultrapure water
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Type II water reagents is used in?
Clinical Chem, Microbio, Blood bank, serology
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Type 3 is used in?
urinalysis and fecalysis, parasit and histopath
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Carbohydrates empiric formula
CH2O
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Major source of energy and storage of energy
glucose or glycogen
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carbs that are the components of cell membranes
glycoproteins
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examples of carbs that are structural components of plants, bacteria and insects
chitin, cellulose
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Classifications of carbs
Mono, Disa, Oligo, Polysaccharides
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Simplest form of carbs
Monosaccharides
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examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
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2 sugar units bonded by? and what do you call them
glycoside bond, disaccharides
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examples of disaccharides
sucrose lactose maltose
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how many sugar units are in oligosaccharides
3-10 sugar units
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more than 10 sugar units
polysaccharides
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examples of polysaccharides
starch glycogen and cellulose
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pathways of glucose metabolism
glycolysis
glucogenesis
glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
lipogenesis
lipilysis
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2-3 carbon compund that generates energy, a cytoplasmic pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and generates energy (atp)
glycolysis
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which enzyme helps in glycolysis
hexokinase
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formation of glucose from non carbs sources
gluconeogenesis
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glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
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glucose to glycogen
glycogenesis
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carb to fats
lipogenesis
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decomposition of fats
lipilysis
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hormones that regulates CHO metabolism
insulin and glucagon
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decreases blood sugar level
insulin
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increases blood sugar level
glucagon
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insulin is produced in
beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
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glucagon is produced in
alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
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types of diabetes
type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes
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type of diabetes that is hereditary
type 1
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type of diabetes that is caused by overproduction of insulin
type 2
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other name of type 1 diabetes
juvenile onset diabetes/ insulin dependent diabetes
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found in children diabetes
juvenile diabetes
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what destroys the antibodies found in the pancreas in type 1 diabetes?
insulin auto antibodies
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other name for type 2 diabetes
adult onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes
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progressive insulin deficiency and insulin resistance
type 2 diabetes
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glucose intolerance during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
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used to monitor or screen your risk of cardiovascular disease, measures your cholesterol level and triglycerides
lipid profile/ panel
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five different types of lipid tested in lipid profile
total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, triglycerides
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overall cholesterol level
total cholesterol
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LDL type of cholesterol also known as
bad cholesterol
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lipid found in foods that is recently eaten
VLDL
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HDL is known as
good cholesterol
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type of fat from the food we ear
triglycerides
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adult treatment panel for HDL
<40 mg/dl high risk of cvi
>= mg/dl low risk of cvi
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Adult treatment panel for ldl
<100 optimal
100-129 near optimal
130-159 borderline high
160-189 high
>= 190 very high
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Proteins empiric formula
CHON
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linear polymer of amino acids
proteins
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functions of proteins
regulate metabolism
facilitate contraction of muscle
provide structural framework
shuttle molecules in the blood stream
components of the immune system
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proteins that facilitate contraction of muscle
actin and myosin
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proteins that provide structural framework
collagen
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example of molecules that proteins transport
bilirubin
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proteins found in the immune system
antibodies, immunoglobin, complement proteins
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proteins are synthesized in?
liver
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proteins not produced in liver
gammaglobines, immunoglobines produced in plasma cells from b cell lymphocytes
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precursor of fibrin, factor I
fibrinogen
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prealbumin is also known as
transthyretin
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protein that indicates malnutrition
prealbumin
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protein in the muscles of the heart
troponin
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proteins in the muscle and skeletal
myoglobin
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transport protein for hemoglobin
haptoglobin
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transport protein for copper
ceruloplasmin
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transport protein for heme
hemopexin
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end products of protein metabolism, must be removed from the body
non protein nitrogen
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4 non protein nitrogen
urea, uric acid, creatinine/creatine, ammonia
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npn highest concentration in the body
urea (blood urea nitrogen)
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measuring of BUN helps us evaluate
renal function and renal diseases
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renal means
kidney
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urea is filtered in the?
kidney
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increased amount of urea in blood
azotemia
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increased urea in blood plus renal failure
uremia/ uremic syndrome
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uric acid is also known as
blood uric acid
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product of catabolism of urine nucleic acid
uric acid
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measurement of uric acid helps us determine?
gout/ gouty arthritis and lesh nyhan syndrome
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increased of uric acid in blood results in?
crystalization
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crystalization of uric acid in blood causes?
gouty arthritis and lesh nyhan syndrome
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creatinine is a waste product of what?
muscles
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best marker for kidnet function
creatinine
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increased creatinine in blood
abnormal renal function, muscular dystrophy
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formed the deamination of amino acids protein metabolism
ammonia
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measurement of ammonia evaluates
hepatic system (liver)
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increased ammonia in blood is
reye's syndrome
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proteins that help speed up chemical reactions (catalase)
enzymes
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a broad group of enzymes that catalyze electron transfer from one molecule to another
oxidoreductases
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oxidoreductase examples
lactate dehydrogenase
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
glutamate dehydrogenase
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enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a group of atoms
transferases
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examples of transferases
alanine aminotransferase (liver)
aspartate aminotransferase (heart)
creatine kinase (muscles)
gamma glutamyl transferase
glutathione transferase
glycogen phosphorase
pyruvate kinase
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a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond,
hydrolase
131
hydrolase example
alkaline phosphatase
acid phophatase
amylase (saliva)
cholinesterase
chymotrypsin
elastase 1
5-nucleotidase
triacyl glycerol lipase
trypsin
132
an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of specified molecules or groups by a double bond.
lyases
133
lyases example
aldolase
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catalyze changes within one molecule
triosephosphate isomerase
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enzymes that catalyze the formation of chemical bonds
ligases
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ligases example
glutathione synthetase
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made during the normal process of breakind down rbc, yellowish substance found in bile, fluid in your liver
bilirubin
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life span of rbc
120 days
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it is where rbc is destroyed
reticulo endothelial system
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destroys or eats dead cells and debris (phagocytize)
macrophage
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liver macrophage
kupffer cells
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spleen macrophage
microglial cells
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hemoglobin when destroyed transforms to
bilirubin
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yellow discoloration in the skin is caused by
increased bilirubin
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jaundice indicates
liver failure and hepatitis
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minerals in the blood
electrolytes
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postively charged and negatively charged electrolyte
cation and anion
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most abundant cation in the plasma
sodium
149
excess and less sodium in the blood
hyper and hyponatremia
150
major intracellular cation inside the cell
potassium
151
increased and less potassium
hyper and hypokalemia
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major extracellular anion
chloride
153
excess and less chloride
hyper and hypochloremia
154
other electrolytes
magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate
