Cloning and Biotech Flashcards
(28 cards)
How do plants naturally produce clones? (2)
- Vegetative propagation (1)
- Asexual reproduction using
meristem cells (1)
What are the steps of vegetative propagation? (3)
- Cut a shoot from the parent plant
(1) - Dip end of shoot into rooting
powder (1) - Plant cutting into compost (1)
How do plants artificially produce clones? (2)
- Micropropagation (1)
- Tissue culture is the first step where
the plant cell are grown in the
nutrient medium (1)
What are the steps of micropropagation? (4)
- Tissue sample scraped off the
meristem of the parent plant (1) - Explant is sterilized (1)
- Explant is placed into agar growth
medium containing nutrients and
growth hormones (1) - Explants develop into plantlets
which are planted into compost (1)
What are the advantages of plant cloning? (3)
- Can be carried out independently of
the seasons (1) - Quick and cheap (1)
- Desirable characteristics of parent
plant can be replicated (1)
What are the disadvantages of plant cloning? (2)
- Reduces genetic diversity so more
susceptible to disease (1) - High production cost from training
and energy (1)
How are animals naturally cloned? (2)
- Identical twins (1)
- When zygote splits and forms two
separate embryos (1)
How are animals artificially cloned? (2)
- Artificial embryo twinning (1)
or
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer (1)
What are the steps of artificial embryo twinning? (4)
- Egg cell is extracted and fertilized in
vitro (in petri dish) (1) - Individual cells are removed from
produced embryo (1) - These are placed in separate petri
dishes to grow into an embryo (1) - Implanted into surrogate mothers
(1)
What are the steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer? (5)
- A nucleus is extracted from a
somatic cell (1) - A nucleus is removed from an egg
cell to form an enucleated oocyte (1) - These are fused together through
electrofusion (1) - This electrical shock also stimulates
the egg to divide and form an
embryo (1) - Embryo implanted into surrogate
mother (1)
(A clone of the animal that provided the nucleus)
What are the advantages of animal cloning? (3)
- Can produce desirable traits (1)
- Preserves biodiversity (1)
- Takes place independently of
breeding seasons (1)
What are the diadvantages of animal cloning? (3)
- Reduces gene pool making them
susceptible to disease (1) - May have developmental problems
(1) - Expensive and time consuming (1)
What is biotechnology? (1)
- The use of living organisms in
industrial processes (1)
What are there of microorganisms used in industrial processes? (6)
- Cheese production (1)
- Enzyme called chymosin produced by
genetically modified yeast cells clot milk
to form cheese (1)
- Enzyme called chymosin produced by
- Insulin (1)
- Bacteria genetically modified to produce
insulin gene in large fermenters (1)
- Bacteria genetically modified to produce
- Bread (1)
- Anaerobic respiration of bread produces
CO2 that causes bread to rise (1)
- Anaerobic respiration of bread produces
What are the advantages of using microorganisms in food production? (4)
- Can be grown quickly and cheaply (1)
- Can be grown in any climate at any time of
the year (1) - Requires less space than rearing livestock
(1) - Microorganisms are often grown on waste
products, a good way of getting rid of it (1)
What are the disadvantages of using microorganisms in food production? (3)
- Eating large levels of protein produced by
microorganisms can lead to high uric acid
levels (1) - Contamination with other microorganisms
can spoil the food (1) - Proteins produced may not have the same
texture as meat products (1)
How do industrial fermenters work to grow bacteria and fungi? (3)
- Air inlet provides oxygen for
microorganisms to aerobically respire and
paddle is used to distribute the oxygen (1) - Hot steam removes contaminating
microorganisms (1) - pH and temperature is kept constant with
a water jacket, thermostat and pH probe
(1)
What are the two methods of culturing microorganisms in fermenters? (4)
- Batch fermentation (1)
- Microorganisms are grown in individual
batches, an example of closed culture (1)
- Microorganisms are grown in individual
- Continuous fermentation (1)
- Microorganisms are grown continually,
an example of open culture (1)
- Microorganisms are grown continually,
What does the standard growth curve show
and what are the phases? (5)
- Microorganisms growing in a closed
culture (1) - Lag phase
- Exponential phase
- Stationary phase
- Death phase
What is the lag and exponential phase in the standard growth curve? (2)
- Slow growth as the microorganisms need
to synthesise the enzymes needed to
reproduce (1) - Growth rate increases with plenty of
nutrients and lack of competition for
resources (1)
What is the stationary and death phase in the standard growth curve? (2)
- Population size plateaus as reproduction
and death rate are constant from less
resources and more waste products (1) - Population size falls as waste product
reaches toxic levels, increasing death rate
(1)
Explain the method to investigate the effect of different factors on the growth rate of microorganisms (5)
- Transfer bacterial broth to 6 agar plates
with sterilised pipettes (1) - Use a plastic spreader on the broth and
lightly tape the lid shut (1) - Incubate half the plates in a fridge and the
other half in room temperature. Place
upside down to prevent condensation (1) - Place agar plates without bacteria in the
fridge and room temperature to use as
your negative control, where if bacteria
grows then contamination has occurred (1) - Wait a time period and count the mean
number of colonies (1)
What examples are there of aseptic techniques? (3)
- Bunsen burner near workplace to draw
any microorganisms in the air away (1) - Close windows to prevent draught so
microbes don’t blow towards you (1) - Wear gloves (1)
What’s an immobilised enzyme? (1)
- An enzyme that has been attached onto an
insoluble material (1)
