Module 2 (1/2) Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
What is the structure of the nucleus? (3)
A
- Contains DNA that controls cell
activity (1) - Nucleolus found within the
nucleus and is where
ribosomes are made (1) - Surrounded by the double
membrane nuclear envelope to
separate the nucleus from the
cytoplasm (1)
2
Q
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (2)
A
- An extension of the nuclear
envelope (1) - Facilitates protein synthesis (1)
3
Q
What’s the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (1)
A
- Synthesizes lipids (1)
4
Q
What is the Golgi apparatus? (3)
A
- Flattened membrane bound
sacs surrounded by vesicles (1) - Repackages proteins and lipids
into vesicles (1) - Also the site of lysosome
synthesis (1)
5
Q
What are centrioles? (2)
A
- Used in the formation of cilia
and flagella (1) - Found mostly in animal cells (1)
6
Q
What is cilia and flagella? (3)
A
- Cilia are hair like projections
that waft mucus (1) - Flagella is a tail like structure to
provide locomotion (1) - Both contract microtubules to
enable movement (1)
7
Q
What is a vacuole? (3)
A
- Organelle that stores cell sap
and nutrients (1) - Keeps plant cells turgid (1)
- Some can digest large
molecules (1)
8
Q
What are the steps of protein synthesis? (5)
A
- DNA produces mRNA through
transcription (1) - mRNA is transported out of the
DNA to the ribosome (1) - mRNA is translated into
proteins and is sent to the Golgi
apparatus (1) - Proteins are repackaged into
vesicles and travel to the
plasma membrane (1) - Exocytosis (1)
9
Q
How does the cytoskeleton move organelles? (1)
A
- Using microtubules (1)
10
Q
What are the three functions of cytoskeletons (3)
A
- Provides mechanical strength
to cells (1) - Holds organelles in position (1)
- Enables movement of cilia and
flagella (1)
11
Q
What features does prokaryotes have over eukaryotes? (4)
A
- No membrane-bound
organelles (1) - Smaller 70s ribosomes (1)
- Cell wall made up of murein (1)
- Extra DNA in the form of
plasmids (1)
12
Q
What unique organelles does prokaryotes have? (4)
A
- Pili (1)
- Hair like structures that
interact with other cells (1)
- Hair like structures that
- Slime capsule (1)
- Protects bacterium from
immune system attack (1)
- Protects bacterium from
13
Q
What is transmission electron microscopy? (3)
A
- Beam of electrons focused
onto specimen with
electromagnets (1) - Highest resolution and
magnification (1) - Sample must be placed in
vacuum (1)
14
Q
What is scanning electron microscopy? (3)
A
- Beam of electrons bounce off
specimen (1) - Produces 3D image at surface
view (1) - Lower magnification and
resolution (1)
15
Q
What is magnification and resolution? (2)
A
- How enlarged an image is
compared to the original object
(1) - How well a microscope
distinguishes between two
points (1)
16
Q
What is the magnification formula? (1)
A
Magnification = Image size /
Real size
17
Q
What are the units of cm/mm/μm/nm (3)
A
1cm
10mm (1)
10000μm (1)
10000000nm (1)
18
Q
How is a microscope calibrated? (1)
A
- Align the eyepiece graticule and
stage micrometer (1)
19
Q
What is the purpose of staining? (2)
A
- Creates contrast (1)
- Allows organelles to be
identified (1)
20
Q
How do you view under an optical microscope? (4)
A
- Pipette water on a slide and
place your specimen (1) - Add a stain (1)
- Add a cover slip tilted to
protect the specimen with no
air bubbles (1) - Place the slide onto the stage
and use the lowest objective
lens(1)
21
Q
Why is water added to a slide? (2)
A
- Reduces light refraction (1)
- Prevents dehydration (1)
22
Q
What is nucleic acid? (2)
A
- A long chain of nucleotides (1)
- Joined by phosphodiester bonds (1)
23
Q
What are nucleotides made up of? (3)
A
- Pentose sugar (1)
- Nitrogenous base (1)
- Phosphate (1)
24
Q
What is the structure of DNA? (3)
A
- 2 complementary nucleic acid strands (1)
- Twisted to form a double helix (1)
- Anti-parallel (1)
25
What are the types of nitrogenous base pairs? (3)
- Purines and Pyrimidines (1)
- Purines are double ring while pyrimidines is single ring (1)
- Purines are adenine and guanine (1)
26
What are the differences between RNA and DNA? (4)
- RNA contains ribose (1)
- RNA contains uracil over thymine (1)
- RNA is single helix (1)
- RNA have no hydrogen bonds at nitrogenous bases (1)
27
How are phosphodiester bonds formed? (3)
- Condensation reaction (1)
- Formed between phosphate group and pentose sugar (1)
- Catalysed by DNA/RNA polymerase (1)
28
What is ATP made up of? (3)
- Ribose sugar (1)
- Nitrogenous base adenine (1)
- Three phosphate groups (1)
29
How is energy produced by ATP? (3)
- Hydrolysis reaction (1)
- ADP and inorganic phosphate released (1)
- Enzyme ATP hydrolase used (1)
30
How do you purify DNA from living material? (7)
- Blend material to break cell walls (1)
- Mix salt and detergent in test tube (1)
- Place in 60c water bath for 15 minutes (1)
- Place in ice bath and filter mixture (1)
- Add protease to break proteins on DNA (1)
- Add cold ethanol to cause DNA to precipitate (1)
- Remove with glass rod (1)
31
Why is salt and detergent used in DNA extraction? (2)
- Detergent breaks down plasma membrane to release DNA (1)
- Salt clumps DNA (1)
32
Why is 60 degrees used for DNA purification? (2)
- Denatures enzymes (1)
- Prevents DNA degrading (1)
33
What is meant by semi-conservative replication? (1)
- When the DNA is made from one
original strand of DNA and one
new strand of DNA (1)
34
What happens in DNA replication? (3)
- DNA helicase unwinds double helix
by breaking hydrogen bonds (1)
- Complementary nucleotides attach
by hydrogen bonds (1)
- DNA polymerase catalyses the
formation of phosphodiester bonds
between nucleotides (1)
35
What are the 3 types of RNA? (3)
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
36
What is messenger RNA? (2)
- Produced during transcription (1)
- Carries the genetic code to the
cytoplasm for translation (1)
37
Why is mRNA used in translation rather than DNA? (1)
- DNA is too large to leave the
nucleus (1)
38
What is the process of transcription (3)
- RNA polymerase binds with the
promoter region (1)
- RNA polymerase will separate the
DNA strand and add
complementary strands and
connect them through
phosphodiester bonds (1)
- RNA polymerase will stop
transcribing when it reaches a stop
codon (1)
39
What is the process of translation (3)
- The ribosome slides along the
mRNA and reads it in a series of
codons (1)
- Several tRNA with complementary
anticodons will carry amino acids to
ribosomes as codons are read (1)
- The ribosome catalyses peptide
formation to form polypeptides
(protein) (1)
40
What is the structure of tRNA? (2)
- Clover Shaped structure (1)
- RNA strand folded over itself by
hydrogen bonding (1)
41
What is the nature of genetic code? (5)
- Degenerate (1)
- Different codons can code the
same amino acid (1)
- Universal (1)
- All organisms use the same
genetic code (1)
- Non-Overlapping (1)
42
What are features of water? (8)
- High latent heat of evaporation (1)
- Efficient coolant (1)
- High specific heat capacity (1)
- Resistant to temperature change (1)
- Cohesive (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Ice is less dense than water (1)
- Good insulation and habitat (1)
43
What's a carbohydrate? (2)
- Polysaccharide (1)
- Made of many individual sugar molecules called monosaccharides (1)
44
What happens when a disaccharide is formed? (4)
- Condensation reaction occurs (1)
- Molecule of water is produced (1)
- Glycosidic bond forms (1)
- O bond in the middle (1)
45
How is a polysaccharide broken? (2)
- Hydrolysis reaction (1)
- Water required to break glycosidic bond (1)
46
How does alpha glucose and beta glucose differ? (2)
- Alpha has hydrogen above carbon and hydroxyl below carbon (1)
- Beta has hydrogen below carbon and hydroxyl above carbon (1)
47
similarities and differences of glucose and ribose? (3)
- Both are monosaccharides (1)
- Both functional group of CH2OH (1)
- Glucose is hexose with 6-carbon ring (1)
- Ribose is pentose with 5-carbon ring (1)
48
What are all 3 disaccharides? (3)
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (1)
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (1)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (1)
49
What is starch? (3)
- Polysaccharide found in plants (1)
- Exists as:
- Amylose (1)
- Amylopectin (1)
50
What's amylose and amylopectin? (4)
Amylose:
- Spiraling alpha-glucose molecules (1)
- Coiled means it can be stored compactly (1)
Amylopectin:
- Branched alpha-glucose molecules (1)
- Increases S.A to be broken down quickly for respiration (1)
51
What is cellulose? (3)
- Unbranched beta-glucose chains (1)
- Multiple cellulose chains connected by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils (1)
- Provide shape and structural support (1)
52
What is glycogen? (2)
- Branched alpha-glucose molecules (1)
- More branched and compact than amylopectin (1)
53
What is the structure of triglycerides? (2)
- Glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids (1)
- Through ester bonds (1)
54
What is the structure of phospholipids? (3)
- Glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids (1)
- Through ester bonds (1)
- Contains a phosphate group (1)
55
What is the function of triglycerides? (3)
- Energy store (1)
- Energy released when ester bonds are hydrolysed (1)
- Insoluble droplets mean storage doesn't affect osmotic potential (1)
56
What are proteins? (5)
- Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds known as a polypeptide (1)
Attached by:
- Hydrogen atom (1)
- Amine group (1)
- Carboxyl group (1)
- R group (1)
57
What is meant by the structures of proteins? (1)
- Each stage of structures refers to the stages of folding (1)
58
What is primary structure? (1)
- Peptide bonds form a straight polypeptide chain (1)
59
What is secondary structure? (2)
Hydrogen bonding forms:
- Alpha helix (1)
- Beta pleated sheet (1)
60
What is tertiary structure? (2)
- 3D shape formed (1)
- By disulfide and ionic bonds in R group interactions (1)
61
What is quaternary structure? (2)
- Multiple tertiary structures interacting together (1)
- Example being haemoglobin (1)
62
What are the differences of fibrous and globular? (3)
- Globular is spherical and soluble while Fibrous is rod like and insoluble (1)
- Globular performs functional roles such as enzymes and transport proteins while fibrous performs structural roles such as keratin, collagen and elastin (1)
- Fibrous are less sensitive to changes in pH and temperature (1)
63
What inorganic ions maintain constant pH in the blood? (2)
- HCO3- (1)
- Cl- (1)
64
What are the differences of reducing and non-reducing sugars?
- All monosaccharides are reducing sugars (1)
- Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar (1)
65
How do you test for reducing sugars? (2)
- Add benedicts solution (1)
- From blue to green/orange/red based on concentration (1)
66
What do you do to non-reducing sugars? (2)
- Add HCl to break glycosidic bond to form monosaccharides (1)
- Add HCO3- to neutralise the acidic pH (1)
67
How do you test for starch? (2)
- Add iodine (1)
- Orange to blue/black (1)
68
How do you test for lipids? (3)
- Emulsion test (1)
- Add Ethanol and shake (1)
- Add equal water volume and white suspension formed (1)
69
How do you test for proteins? (2)
- Add biuret reagent (1)
- Blue to Purple (1)
70
What is the purpose of paper chromatography? (1)
- Separate soluble substances such as different amino acids (1)
71
What are the phases of chromatography? (2)
Stationary phase = What doesn't move (Sheet of paper) (1)
Mobile phase = What moves (Solvent) (1)
72
How must chromatography apparatus be set up and why? (6)
- Lid (1)
- Prevent solvent evaporation (1)
- Solvent below starting line (1)
- So solvent doesn't dissolve before it moves (1)
- Pencil line (1)
- Pen will dissolve in solvent (1)
73
What is the solvent front? (1)
- Furthest point reached by the solvent (1)
74
How is Rf value calculated? (1)
Distance travelled by dye /
Distance to solvent front
(1)
75
3 properties of cellulose? (3)
- Inert (1)
- High tensive strength (1)
- Insoluble (1)
