Genetic Manipulation Flashcards
(15 cards)
1
Q
What is the polymerase chain reaction? (2)
A
- Technique to amplify DNA fragments (1)
- Large enough to analyse in a crime scene (1)
2
Q
What are the steps of PCR? (3)
A
- Mixture heated to 90°C to cause DNA to split via hydrogen bonds (1)
- Mixture cooled to 60°C to allow primers to anneal (1)
- Mixture heated to 72°C to allow optimum of DNA polymerase
3
Q
What is gel electrophoresis + requirement? (2)
A
- Separates DNA fragments by length (1)
- Must be amplified by PCR (1)
4
Q
How is DNA visualised? (2)
A
- Add a fluorescent tag (1)
- Visible when exposed to UV (1)
5
Q
What are the stages of gel electrophoresis? (4)
A
- Agarose gel mixed with conductive buffer solution (1)
- DNA mixed with loading dye to make mixture more visible (1)
- Electrical current passes through gel causing DNA mixture to move to anode (1)
- Shorter the distance moved, the longer the fragment (1)
6
Q
What is restriction enzymes? (1)
A
- Cut double stranded DNA at specific recognition sites (1)
7
Q
What is DNA profiling? (2)
A
- PCR and gel electrophoresis (1)
- Used to identify genetic and evolutionary relationships (1)
8
Q
What are the steps of genetic engineering? (5)
A
- Specific gene removed from human DNA using restriction enzyme (1)
- Plasmid also removed by restriction enzyme (1)
- DNA ligase joins gene and plasmid together forming recombinant DNA (1)
- Electroporation makes bacterial membrane more permeable to allow bacteria and recombinant DNA to mix (1)
- Transgenic bacteria grown in fermenters to form more (1)
9
Q
Pros of GMOs? (2)
A
- Vaccines don’t need to be kept in the cold (1)
- Cheaper as one GMO results in lots (1)
10
Q
Cons of GMOs? (2)
A
- Unknown long term consequence (1)
- Patented, therefore expensive to buy (1)
11
Q
What are the types of gene therapy? (2)
A
Germ line = Allele inserted into gamete for whole body to contain functional allele (1)
Somatic = Allele inserted into body cells for a short lifespan (1)
12
Q
What’s the problem with gene therapy? (1)
A
- Vector carrying gene may trigger an immune response (1)
13
Q
What is DNA sequencing? (1)
A
- Working out the sequences of nucleotides (1)
14
Q
How did DNA sequencing develop? (2)
A
- Chain termination method (1)
- Developed to whole genome sequencing since chain termination only sequences short strands of DNA (1)
15
Q
What is epidemiology? (1)
A
- Comparison between healthy and unhealthy peoples genes (1)
