Clostridium

Question 1

What is the causative agent of Tetanus

Answer 1

Clostridium tetani

Question 2

Best known of all anaerobic spore-forming bacilli

Answer 2

Clostridium tetani

Question 3

What is the primary habitat of Clostridium species?

Answer 3

Soil, intestinal tracts of animals, and decaying organic matter

Question 4

What is the shape of Clostridium spores?

Answer 4

Oval, central to subterminal, and not swollen (except C. tetani, which has drumstick-shaped spores)

Question 5

What is the primary mode of infection for Clostridium species?

Answer 5

Through wounds, ingestion, or contamination of food

Question 6

What is the oxygen requirement for Clostridium species?

Answer 6

Strict anaerobes

Question 7

What disease does C. tetani cause?

Answer 7

Tetanus

Question 8

What is the primary toxin produced by C. tetani?

Answer 8

Tetanospasmin

Question 9

What toxin Prevents the release of glycine, causing continuous muscle contraction (tetanic spasms)

Answer 9

tetanospasmin

Question 10

What is the primary mode of infection for C. tetani?

Answer 10

Through deep, penetrating wounds (e.g., nail wounds, castration, docking)

Question 11

What is the incubation period for tetanus?

Answer 11

3 to 6 days to 3 weeks or longer

Question 12

What is the primary symptom of tetanus?

Answer 12

Muscle spasms and paralysis (ascending tetanus)

Question 13

What is the primary treatment for tetanus?

Answer 13

Antitoxin (100,000 to 200,000 units) and penicillin

Question 14

What is the primary method of prevention for tetanus?

Answer 14

Toxoid vaccine (3 doses at 3-week intervals, followed by boosters)

Question 15

What disease does C. botulinum cause?

Answer 15

Botulism

Question 16

What is the primary toxin produced by C. botulinum?

Answer 16

Botulinum toxin

Question 17

What kind of toxin is Botulinum toxin

Answer 17

neurotoxin

Question 18

What toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions

Answer 18

botulinum toxin

Question 18

What are the three forms of botulism?

Answer 18

Intoxication, wound infection, and infant botulism (intestinal colonization)

Question 18

What is the primary mode of infection for C. botulinum?

Answer 18

Ingestion of preformed toxin in contaminated food

Question 19

What C. botulinum type only affects Ducks, wild birds

Answer 19

Type C

Question 19

What C. botulinum type causes Shaker Foal Syndrome

Answer 19

Type B

Question 19

What C. botulinum type causes limberneck, Western duck disease

Answer 19

Type C

Question 20

What C. botulinum type only affects Cattle

Answer 20

Type D

Question 21

What C. botulinum type causes Lamsiekte in Cattle

Answer 21

Type D

Question 22

What C. botulinum type only affects fish and aquatic animals

Answer 22

Type E

Question 23

What C. botulinum type only affects Humans

Answer 23

Type F and G

Question 24

What is the primary treatment for botulism?

Answer 24

Polyvalent antitoxin

Question 25

What is the primary method of prevention for botulism?

Answer 25

Proper food preservation and handling

Question 26

What disease does C. perfringens cause?

Answer 26

Gas gangrene, necrotizing enteritis, enterotoxemia

Question 27

What are the five types of C. perfringens?

Answer 27

Types A, B, C, D, E

Question 28

What is the primary toxin produced by C. perfringens Type A?

Answer 28

Alpha toxin (phospholipase C)

Question 29

Gas gangrene, necrotizing enteritis, yellow lamb disease is caused by C. perfringens Type?

Answer 29

Type A

Question 30

What is the primary toxin produced by C. perfringens Type B?

Answer 30

Beta toxin

Question 31

Lamb dysentery, hemorrhagic enteritis in sheep and goats is caused by C. perfringens type?

Answer 31

Type B

Question 32

Necrotic enteritis, struck in sheep, hemorrhagic enteritis in pigs is caused by C. perfringens type?

Answer 32

Type C

Question 33

What is the primary toxin produced by C. perfringens Type C?

Answer 33

Beta toxin

Question 34

What is the primary toxin produced by C. perfringens Type D?

Answer 34

Epsilon toxin

Question 35

Enterotoxemia (overeating disease, pulpy kidney disease) in sheep and goats is caused by C. perfringens type?

Answer 35

Type D

Question 36

What is the primary toxin produced by C. perfringens Type E?

Answer 36

Iota toxin

Question 37

Enterotoxemia in lambs and calves is caused by C. perfringens type?

Answer 37

Type E

Question 38

What is the primary treatment for C. perfringens infections?

Answer 38

Antibiotics (penicillin) and antitoxin

Question 39

What is the primary method of prevention for C. perfringens infections?

Answer 39

Vaccination with type-specific toxoid

Question 40

What disease does C. hemolyticum cause?

Answer 40

Red water disease (hemoglobinuria, liver necrosis)

Question 41

What is the primary toxin produced by C. hemolyticum?

Answer 41

Beta toxin (phospholipase C)

Question 42

What is the primary mode of infection for C. hemolyticum?

Answer 42

Ingestion of spores from alkaline water or contaminated feed

Question 43

Black disease (necrotic hepatitis) in sheep is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 43

C. novyi

Question 44

What is the primary toxin produced by C. novyi?

Answer 44

Alpha toxin (phospholipase C)

Question 45

Blackleg (myonecrosis) in ruminants is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 45

C. chauvoei

Question 46

Malignant edema is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 46

C. septicum

Question 47

What is the primary mode of infection for C. septicum?

Answer 47

Through wounds or umbilicus

Question 48

Ulcerative enteritis in quails is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 48

C. colinum

Question 49

Iota enterotoxemia in rabbits is caused by?

Answer 49

C. spiroforme

Question 50

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans and enterotoxemia in hamsters is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 50

C. difficile

Question 51

Subcutaneous abscesses in cats is caused by what species of Clostridium?

Answer 51

C. vilosum