Coastal landscape development

Question 1

Give the landforms and landscapes of coastal erosion

Answer 1

-Cliffs and wave cut platforms
-Cliff profile features including caves,arches and stacks

Question 2

Give the landforms and landscapes of coastl deposition

Answer 2

-Beaches
-Simple and compound spits
-Tombolos
-Offshore bars
-Barrier beaches and islands
-Sand dunes

Question 3

Give the landforms of emergence

Answer 3

-Raised beaches
-Marine platforms

Question 4

Give the landforms of sumbergence

Answer 4

-Rias
-Fjords and dalmatian coasts

Question 5

Give the UK and other example for cliffs and wave cut platforms

Answer 5

• UK: Flamborough head, Holderness coast
  -Other: Etratat

Question 6

Give the UK and other example for cliff profile features

Answer 6

-UK: Dorset
-Other: Australia

Question 7

What other 2 features are associated with cliff profile features ?

Answer 7

Geos and blowholes

Question 8

Give the UK and other example for headlands and bays

Answer 8

-UK: Lulworth Cove, Dorset for concordant coastline and Swanage Bay, Dorset for disconcordant coastline
-Other: San Francisco Bay, California

Question 9

Give the UK and other example for beaches

Answer 9

-UK: Chesil beach (high energy)
-Other: Trafalgar beach spain

Question 10

Give the UK and other example for spits

Answer 10

-UK: Hurst castle spit
-Other: Homer spit, Alaska

Question 11

Give an example of a simple and compound spit

Answer 11

-Simple = Spurn head
-Compound = Hurst castle

Question 12

Give the UK and other example for bars and tombolos

Answer 12

-UK: Chesil beach tombolo
-Other: Angel road of Shodo Island tombolo, Japan

Question 13

Give the UK and other example for sand dunes

Answer 13

-UK: Studland, Dorset
-Other: Bolonia, spain

Question 14

How high can grey dunes reach ?

Answer 14

20m

Question 15

Give the UK and other example for salt marshes and mudflats

Answer 15

-UK: Morecombe Bay in North West England
-Other: Cape Cod, USA

Question 16

What do current sea levels reflect ?

Answer 16

Changes which have occurred since the last glacial maximum 18000 approximately 20,000 years ago

Question 17

What period causes sea levels to fall ?

Answer 17

Glacial periods

Question 18

What periods causes sea levels to rise ?

Answer 18

Interglacial period

Question 19

Give a fact about the last glacial period and sea levels

Answer 19

• Last glacial period 8000 years sago sea levels were 120m below current levels (due to Eurasian ice sheets storing lots of water)

Question 20

What is the holocene epoch ?

Answer 20

The last 10,000 years, sea levels have fluctuated due to eustatic and isostatic change

Question 21

When did stabilisation of sea levels occur ?

Answer 21

7000 years ago due to minor glacial advances and retreats and thermal expansion then contraction which balanced each other out although there is a general increase in sea levels

Question 22

Give the statistic about sea level rise since 1900

Answer 22

Risen 20cm since 1900

Question 23

What is isostatic subsidence ?

Answer 23

During glacial periods the weigh of ice sheets makes the ice sink

Question 24

What is isostatic recovery ?

Answer 24

At the end of glacial periods the weight of ice on land is reduced which causes the land to rise

Question 25

What type of motion does the UK have due to isostatic change ?

Answer 25

Pivotal motion

Question 26

Where in UK is land rising ?

Answer 26

Land in North West

Question 27

Where in UK is land sinking ?

Answer 27

Southeast british isles

Question 28

What is the example of tectonic sea level change ?

Answer 28

The 9-9.3 Boxing day Earthquake of 2004 which caused the crust of Banda Aren (city of Sumantra in Indonesia) to sink

Question 29

What was a consequence of the 2004 Boxing day earthquake ?

Answer 29

Permanent sea level rise of Indian ocean of 0.1mm

Question 30

What is the UK example for raised beaches and marine platforms ?

Answer 30

Coasts of Western scotland

Question 31

What is the UK example for rias ?

Answer 31

Kingsbridge in South Devon

Question 32

What is the UK and other example for fjords and dalmatian coasts ?

Answer 32

-UK: Loch long scotland -Other: Sogne fjord in Norway which is 200km long Dalmatian coast: Island of Sumantra in Indian ocean

Question 33

How does sea level rise compare from 19th to 20th century to now ?

Answer 33

-Late 19th to late 20th century sea levels rose globally 1.7mm per year -Increased to 3.2mm per year

Question 34

Give the statistic to highlight the importance of oceans as a store

Answer 34

-Between 1971 and 2010 90% of extra energy inputted into climate systems by global warming was absorbed by oceans

Question 35

Give the statistic for global temperature increase

Answer 35

Global temperatures rose by an average of 0.85 - 1.1 degrees between 1800 and 2010

Question 36

Give the statistic for glacial volume

Answer 36

35-85% of remaining glacier volume will vanish by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions aren't curbed

Question 37

Give a statistic about the importance of coral reefs

Answer 37

Healthy coral reefs can absorb 97% of wave energy

Question 38

Give the statistic about fresh groundwater in the Maldives

Answer 38

97% of fresh groundwater is polluted by salt water

Question 39

What is the case study associated with sea level rise and risks to humans ?

Answer 39

Maldives

Question 40

What is the main statistic for the Maldives and sea level rise ?

Answer 40

Could be 80% uninhabitable by 2050

Question 41

What case study is used to illustrate the relationship between process, time , landforms and landscapes ?

Answer 41

Holderness coast

Question 42

Give an example of a barrier island

Answer 42

Lido in Venice

Question 43

What is an example of a halophyte (pioneer species which is salt and sumbergence tolerant) ?

Answer 43

Glasswort