Population change

Question 1

What are the factors in natural population change ?

Answer 1

• Demographic transition model
• Key vital rates
• Age-sex composition
• Cultural controls

Question 2

Define birth rate

Answer 2

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

Question 3

Define death rate

Answer 3

The number of deaths per 1000 per year

Question 4

Define total fertility rate

Answer 4

The average number of children a woman will have when she is of reproductive age

Question 5

Define infant mortality rate

Answer 5

Number of children of every 1000 born alive who die before their first birthday

Question 6

Define dependency ratio

Answer 6

Proportion of population that has to be supported by the working population (often young and old people)

Question 7

What does the DTM show ?

Answer 7

How birth rates and death rates change which causes total population to change as a country develops

Question 8

What are the 2 types of population change

Answer 8

Natural change (by differences in birth and death rate) and migration change

Question 9

At which stage do you get a natural decrease in population

Answer 9

5

Question 10

Give a country in stages 2-5 of DTM

Answer 10

2= Chad
3= Morocco
4= USA
5= Japan

Question 11

What are key vital rates ?

Answer 11

Fertility rate (most useful for predicting future population change), birth rate death rate, literacy rate …

[evaluate usefulness and reliability]

Question 12

Evaluate the DTM

Answer 12

• Easy to compare countries and forecast change so governments can decide on policies such as immigration laws
• Original data to create the DTM was from richer European countries which doesn’t mirror the change in others such as Africa
• Extreme poverty and low development can cause a lack of population growth and prevent less developed countries passing through the stages
• Doesn’t consider MIGRATION as on an international level can cause significant population change
• Other factors can affect a population such as war and infectious diseases so a population of a country no longer fits the DTM
• No time scale as UK took 200 years to industralize whereas China has done it in 60

Question 13

What is age-sex composition

Answer 13

• Usually displayed in a population pyramid (narrow point indicate when birth rate was low or high death rates from war)
• Structure of a population based on age groups and gender. It shows how many males and females there are in each age group.
• Helps understand a population’s growth potential, dependency ratio, and future challenges

Question 14

What are birth and fertility rates heavily influenced by ?

Answer 14

Cultural controls

Question 15

What are the cultural controls

Answer 15

• Role of women (education and employment access, in UK nearly half labour force are women so total fertility rate is 1.89)
• Attitudes towards marriage (young marriage culture, in Niger 3/4 of girls are married before 18 and total fertility rate is 6.6)
• Religion (Catholic church condemns contraception, East Timor 98% are Catholic and fertility rate is 5)
• Population policies (France lowered taxes to encourage population growth vs China one child policy to discourage population growth)

Question 16

What 2 countries are used to model natural population change in application to physical and human settings ?

Answer 16

Niger and Canada

Question 17

Give case study of Niger

Answer 17

WEST AFRICA

Human setting:
- Mainly primary industry (high birth rate as children needed for manual labour)
- High rural population aswell as subsistence farmers
- Over 90% Muslim (cultural beliefs = high birth rate)
- Stage 2 although surprisingly low death rate as young population structure and government focus on reducing infant mortality with malnutrition and healthcare schemes

Physical setting:
- Most of North and East is in Sahara desert
- Edges of Niger river basin are in a tropical climate which is hard to live in
- Non-desert areas are also threatened by drought and desertification from climate change so no reliable food supply/job opportunities

Question 18

Give case study of Canada

Answer 18

NORTH USA

Human setting:
- Small and sparsely distributed population with high concentrations in large cities
- Economy based on tertiary sector and financial services aswell as manufacturing and mining industries
- Multicultural society which welcome international immigrants to avoid an ageing population and benefit workforce (MEANING IT ISN’T PROGRESSING INTO STAGE 5)
- Stage 4 of DTM

Physical setting:
- Wide range of climatic types such as arctic and temperate
- West is mountainous so limited population there
- Southern and central areas have fertile plains which attracts farmers

Question 19

Explain why some countries experience demographic dividend

Answer 19

Potential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ration falls (stage 2/3 of DTM)
- Death rate decreases before birth rate as people still have many children but more survive to adulthood
- Benefits of youthful population experienced in workforce and society by taxes and cheap labour/attracts investment for TNCs. Higher productivity and social development
- Countries have to incest in education and job creation so the unemployed aren’t dependent on the employed

Question 20

Evaluate the use of population pyramids and age-sex composition

Answer 20

• Only show a snapshot in time
• Can be used to show temporal change when compared
• Can infer stage of DTM
• Can show changes in fertility, mortality and international migration aswell as current trends

Question 21

What can population pyramids be divided into ?

Answer 21

• Young dependent population
• Economically active population
• Elderly dependent population

Question 22

Give a negative about demographic dividend

Answer 22

Can create extra demand in the economy which can cause environmental degradation and additional pressure on natural resources which need to be managed sustainably

Isn’t permanent so governments often need to encourage immigration to boost the economic population as schemes to increase birth rate would take longer

Question 23

What are the types of migrant/international migrant ?

Answer 23

• Refugee: forced to flee country and are unable to return due to persecution, conflict or environmental reasons
• Asylum seeker: fled country but not yet had application to be recognized as a refugee accepted so can only receive formal assistance and legal protection once their fear of returning home is well-founded so are granted refugee status
• Economic migrant: move to another country to work

Question 24

What are the environmental causes of migration?

Answer 24

Push factors: natural disasters, desertification, impact of climate change such as floods from rising sea levels

Pulls: More desirable climate, better farming conditions, fewer extreme weather events and impacts from climate change

Question 25

What are the socio-economic causes of migration ?

Answer 25

Push: political instability, war, persecution, lack of jobs or education access, lack of food, economic decline Pull: better healthcare access, better quality of life, better job opportunities and salaries, better schools

Question 26

What are the processes of migration ?

Answer 26

- Movement is influenced by government decisions who can limit number of immigrants accepted per year AND where from (people in EU can move freely work work in countries and don't have to prove shortage of jobs) - Obstacles to migration: water, difficult terrain, expensive or dangerous journeys. Human factors such as language barriers (but this can have positive influence as many countries speak multiple languages encouraging migration) - Range of timescales as can be permanent but many people just move on a short term bases seasonally for jobs

Question 27

What are the environmental implications of migration ?

Answer 27

Positive: If population declines, less resource exploitation and farming. Negative: Buildings and farmland abandoned meaning less resources sold so less funding for environmental management. More infrastructure required to cope with people so green spaces built on and resource extraction causes pollution and damage. Larger amounts of waste to dispose of.

Question 28

What are the demographic implications of migration ?

Answer 28

Positive: Population growth changing population structure to increase people of working age. Birth rate increase from increase of people at child-bearing age Negative: Population decline. Males more likely to leave causing gender imbalance. Can lead to ageing population as elderly people stay and economically active leave

Question 29

What are the social implications of migration ?

Answer 29

Positive: Cultural diversity created Negative: Families split up, less pressure on home country education causing funding cuts, loss f culture or change if migrants return with new ideas. Social tensions between local people and immigrants

Question 30

What are the economic implications of migration ?

Answer 30

Positive: migrant workers send remittances. Expansion of work force fills jobs causing economy to grow Negative: Can cause unemployment in host. Cause brain drain in home country as highly skilled people leave

Question 31

What are the health implications of migration ?

Answer 31

Negative: home country has shortage of healthcare professionals. Most vulnerable people left behind putting pressure on local healthcare systems Pressure on healthcare services in host especially if migrants live in overcrowded poor quality housing. Immigrants could spread infectious diseases from home countries

Question 32

What are the political implications of migration ?

Answer 32

Home: governments may try to discourage workers leaving or encourage migrants themselves to avoid brain drain or increase fertility to prevent population decline. Host: Governments introduce policies to reduce immigration if too many poeple. Rise in extremist organisations who feel threatened by changes in local society

Question 33

Give 2 stats around migrants and refugees

Answer 33

- 15% of all migrants in the world are refugees - 1.8 million people have fled violence and hunger in South Sudan to find safety in neighbouring African countries

Question 34

What are push and pull factors based on ?

Answer 34

Leeds push and pull theory suggesting the process of migration isn't straight forward as there are intervening physical and human obstacles

Question 35

What can it be argued migration is a feature of ?

Answer 35

Globalisation