Coasts KQ 4

Question 1

What does hold the line mean ?

Answer 1

Anita in , sustain or improve existing defences

Question 2

What is managed realignment ?

Answer 2

Existing defences moved to more sustainable positions , usually further inland

Question 3

What is NAI ?

Answer 3

No active intervention
When the land is of low economic value or enviornonmental value

Question 4

What is the coastal landscape management case study?

Answer 4

Sandbanks , Dorset

Question 5

Where is sandbanks located ?

Answer 5

South coast of England
North of Swanage
Dorset
North entrance of Poole harbour

Question 6

What are the 6 needs for coastal management at sandbanks ?

Answer 6

Tourism
Commercial property
Residential property
Protection of Poole harbour
Water sports
Climate change

Question 7

Why is there a need for management bcos of tourism - sandbanks ?

Answer 7

Beaches
Blue flag award for water quality
Gently sloping so safe for family swimming

Question 8

Why is there a need for management bcos of commercial property - sandbanks ?

Answer 8

High value commercial properties
Sandbanks hotel and the haven hotel
Significant employee opportunities
Generate spending in local economy

Question 9

Why is there a need for management bcos of residential property ?

Answer 9

High demand and command premium prices
4th most expensive in world per square metre currently
Large , detached
>£10 million properties
Luxury apartments over 2 million

Question 10

Why is there a need for management bcos of the protection of Poole harbour ?

Answer 10

Popular and safe place for water sports
No good for ships and ferries
Home to yacht clubs and marinas

Question 11

Why is there a need for management bcos of water sports ?

Answer 11

Wind surfing
Sailing
Water skiing
Attract more people
Local economy

Question 12

Why is there a need for management bcos of climat change - sandbanks ?

Answer 12

Sea levels predicted to rise by about 0.6m in the next 1000 years
Flooding many properties
Cut off from the mainland
£18 million worth of damage to residential properties will occur in next 20 years

Question 13

Who is responsible for the management strategies at sandbanks ?

Answer 13

Poole harbour commissioners
Poole borough council
Environment agency
Strategies employed for part of the Two Bays Shoreine management plan

Question 14

What is the two bays shoreline management plan ?

Answer 14

Based on the sediment cell covering Poole bay and Christ church bay

Question 15

What management stratergies are being used at sandbanks ?

Answer 15

Rock groynes
Dune planting
Beach recharge (rainbowing)
Dredging and sediment dumping

Question 16

Why are rock groynes used at sandbanks ?

Answer 16

Minimise the movement of sediment along the beach

Question 17

Why is dune planting used as a management strategy in sandbanks ?

Answer 17

Planting of marram and protection of developing dunes from trampling by fencing

Question 18

Why is marram used in dune planting ?

Answer 18

Spreads rapidly and grows up through accumulating sand

Question 19

What is beach recharge (rainbowing) and why was it used in sandbanks ?

Answer 19

Used to conserve beaches
Sand dredged from offshore is sprayed onto beach
Costs £20 per meter cubed

Question 20

What happened in the 2015 trial of sediment dumping ?

Answer 20

Sediment dredge from the harbour just offshore is much cheaper , costing only £3 per meter cubed

Question 21

What is dredging and sediment dumbing on sandbanks ?

Answer 21

Poole harbour commisioners (phc)
125,909 m^3 of suitable sand or this 83.9% , 88,031 was placed on the beach

Question 22

How has longshore drift been changed at sandbanks ?

Answer 22

Groynes have Reduced amount of sediment being moved by lsd
LSD has been interrupted and no sediment is carried past the end of the penninsular into the harbour

Question 23

How has erosion been changed in sandbanks ?

Answer 23

Erosion rates have been reduced
Less sediment is now removed from the beach because of the groynes and sea wall
Rock groynes reduce wave energy

Question 24

What has happened to the profile of the beach ?

Answer 24

The beach is now wider and has been built up so that it is higher

Question 25

What evidence is there that the management of sandbanks has been successful ?

Answer 25

Without coastal management erosion rates would be 1.6 m per year The width of the each is increasing and the coastline is actually advancing

Question 26

What is the case study about human activity unintentionally causing change ?

Answer 26

Sand mining along the Mangawhai-Pakiri coastline , New Zealand

Question 27

Describe the location of the manga what - pakora coatsijne ?

Answer 27

North of the north island North of Auckland To the west is the Tasman sea

Question 28

Why is sand mined along the M-P coast ?

Answer 28

Glass anufacturing Concrete manufacturing Beach nourishment

Question 29

What is the main reason sand is mined along the m-p coastline ?

Answer 29

Used for replenishing Auckland’s tourist beaches as the sand is of good quality

Question 30

Why is demand for sand increasing in the Auckland area ?

Answer 30

1/3 of whole pop of New Zealand live in Auckland Beaches 4 tourism - need high quality sand

Question 31

How much sand has been mined and when ?

Answer 31

Between 1994-2004 , 165,000m^3 per year

Question 32

When did mining end in mangawhai beach ?

Answer 32

2005 but it continued at pakora

Question 33

What are the current rates of extraction at pakiri beach ?

Answer 33

75,000 m^3 per year until 2020

Question 34

Why is sand a non-renewable resources at the m-p coastline ?

Answer 34

No major rivers to input more Closed sediemtnsustem No waves bringing more from offshore

Question 35

When was sand deposited at the m-p coastline ?

Answer 35

During Holocene (9,000 years ago)

Question 36

How is the depletion of sand affecting beaches ?

Answer 36

They are starved of sediment Have become wider and flatter and are less effective at absorbing waves

Question 37

How si the depletion of sand affecting foredune ridges ?

Answer 37

They are undercut by wave action Developing steep , seaward facing scarps

Question 38

How si the depletion of sand affecting the magawhai spit ?

Answer 38

In 1978, storms caused a 28m breach at the base of the mangawhai spit This altered currents

Question 39

How si the depletion of sand affecting the mangawhai harbour ?

Answer 39

The breach of the spit led to increased sedimentation in the harbour Shallower water so threatens the waterfront community with flooding

Question 40

What are the consequences of these changes to the system to the position of the coast ?

Answer 40

Coastal retreat already evident Long term retreat by the end of the century is estimated at 35m and the width of the coastal zone si susceptible to erosion varies from 48 to 111 m

Question 41

Give some features of hard engineering ?

Answer 41

Short term Physical barriers Highly visibl Expensive Can cause damage elsewhere Deflect the power of the waves Reassuring

Question 42

What are some features of soft engineering ?

Answer 42

Long term Sustainable Less expensive Work with natural processes Less impact on environment Little visual distruption

Question 43

What is beach stabilisation ?

Answer 43

Fences built on shady beaches encourage sand dune formation by reducing the speed of the wind and increasing deposition of sand

Question 44

What is beach nourishment ?

Answer 44

The process of dumping or pumping and from elsewhere onto an eroding shoreline to create a new beach or to widen the existing beach

Question 45

What is rock armour / rip rap ?

Answer 45

Large boulders are piled up along the beach or along the base of the cliff

Question 46

What are Gabino boxes ?

Answer 46

Wire cages filled with rocks that can be built to support a cliff or provide a barrier against the sea

Question 47

What are groynes ?

Answer 47

A wooden barrier built at right angles to h beach

Question 48

What are sea walls ?

Answer 48

A wall built on the edge of the coastline

Question 49

What are the disadvantages of beach stabilisation ?

Answer 49

Fences can look ugly especially if damaged Takes a long time to develop mature dunes

Question 50

What is the disadvantages of beach nourishment ?

Answer 50

Requires constant maintenance to replace the beach material which is washed away

Question 51

What are the disadvantages of rock armour / rip rap ?

Answer 51

Expensive to obtain and transport the boulders Some come from Norway

Question 52

What are the disadvantages of Gabino boxes?

Answer 52

Unattractive

Question 53

What are the disadvantages of groynes ?

Answer 53

Unattractive Need to be regularly repaired and maintained Reduced longshore drift So can starch beaches further up the coast

Question 54

What are the disadvantages of sea walls ?

Answer 54

Expensive Over time wall may erode High maintenance cost

Question 55

What are the advantages of beach stabilisation ?

Answer 55

Very effective Helps to encourage sand dune ecosystems which are easily damaged

Question 56

What are the advantages to beach nourishment ?

Answer 56

Beaches are a natural defence to erosion and coastal flooding They attract tourists

Question 57

What are the advantages of rock armour / rip rap ?

Answer 57

Protects the base of the cliffs , land and buildings against erosion Can prevent coastal flooding in some areas

Question 58

What are the advantages of Gabion boxes ?

Answer 58

Very good at supporting cliffs made of soft material Allows water to drain through them back to the sea Flexible in design as more can be added

Question 59

What are the advantages to groynes ?

Answer 59

Prevents the movement of beach material along the coast by longshore drift Allows the build up of beaches and beaches are a natural defence against erosion and an attraction to many tourists

Question 60

What are the advantages of sea walls ?

Answer 60

Absorbs energy of waves Allows the build up of a beach

Question 61

What is the price of beach stabilisation ?

Answer 61

£2000 per 100m

Question 62

What is the prive of beach nourishment ?

Answer 62

£500,000 per 100m

Question 63

What is the price of rock armour / rip rap ?

Answer 63

£200,00 per 100m

Question 64

What is the price of gabion boxes ?

Answer 64

£50,000 per 100m

Question 65

What is the price of groynes ?

Answer 65

£150,000 each

Question 66

What si the price of se walls ?

Answer 66

£1,000,000 per 100m