indiv dif 3. Narrow Personality Traits Flashcards
(19 cards)
Digman’s added hierachy to big 5 model
What did Musek add to this
done to capture relationship between factors.
He added 2 categorie which the big 5 can fall into.
Alpha factor (Stability) = Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness
Beta factor (Plasticity) = Extraversion, Openness
Musek added the big one = general personality factor. Combination of positive, socially desirable aspects of personality.
Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma
Trade off between breadth and accuracy
broader, higher levels (e.g. big 5) predict more behaviours but with lower accuracy
Measure smth lower allows to predict fewer behaviours with more accuracy
How was the Authoritarian personality empirically tested?
A Go/No-Go task was used to test response inhibition in individuals with authoritarian traits.
Hypothesis: Due to rigidity and preference for routine, those higher in authoritarianism may struggle to suppress habitual responses.
Neural responses (e.g. ERP signals) were measured to assess detection of no-go signals, which indicate a required change in behaviour.
Prediction: More conservative individuals would show smaller neural responses to no-go signals and make more errors, indicating reduced sensitivity to signals requiring behavioural change.
📉 Findings:
High-conservatism individuals showed reduced neural responses and more errors on no-go trials.
Suggests difficulty in inhibiting habitual behaviour.
🧬 Twin studies further support a genetic basis for the Authoritarian personality, implying it is a stable personality trait, not just a learned attitude.
Continuity hypothesis
there is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and illness. (can be normally distributed)
schizotypy
what is it
based on what idea
- Reflects genetic/biological vulnerability to psychosis.
if there is no discontinuity in normality and illness, we should be able to find personality traits in non clinical populations that are related to psychosis.
correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia.
concepts/measures of schizotypy
O-LIFE measure of schizotypy
- Unusual experiences
- Cognitive Disorganisation
- Introvertive Anhedonia
- impulsive non conformity
Unusual experiences aspect of schizotypy
non clinical experiences of perceptual distortions, hallucinations, magical thinking.
Cognitive Disorganisation schiztypy
non clinical cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety etc.
Introvertive Anhedonia
related to lack of enjoyment from social sources, and dislike of intimacy.
impulsive non conformity
Related to impulsive and disinhibited behaviour
e.g. smash things
What evidence supports the conceptual validity of schizotypy using a cognitive inhibition task?
Negative priming is a measure of cognitive inhibition, often reduced in schizophrenia.
Researchers used a modified Stroop task with 3 conditions:
Baseline – Name ink colour of neutral words
Standard Stroop – Name ink colour of colour-words (e.g. “red” in blue ink)
Negative Priming – Distractor word predicts next ink colour (e.g. “black” in blue ink → “yellow” in black ink → “green” in yellow ink)
This priming condition is more difficult and increases response time.
The key variable = difference in response time between standard Stroop and priming condition
→ Larger difference = greater cognitive inhibition
People with schizophrenia show smaller negative priming effects
Indicates reduced cognitive inhibition (less effective in initially inhibiting the word)
Therefore, they experience less additional interference in the priming condition
📌 Same effect observed in non-clinical individuals with high schizotypy
→ Supports conceptual validity of schizotypy as a continuum
machiavelli key principles in his book`
- Better to be feared than loved (both ideally)
- Trust no one
- Make decisions for the benefit of the group, with the absence of morality. Ends justify means
- Be cunning and strong
- make friends with powerful ppl
- Importance of how you appear to be
Christie and Geis took machiavelli’s book and developed what
how was its validity measured
mach IV test. 20 item likert scale test, measuring machiavellianism
Confederates persuaded p.p to cheat on a task. p.p were then accused of cheating by the experimenter.
Eye contact made w experimenter was DV.
predicted that high in Mach would make more eye contact as they would find it easier to lie and be less nervous.
It was found that those high in Mach made more eye contact
The Dark triad involves
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy.
overlapping yet distinct dark features which involve social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity
Narcissism (in dark triad)
From greek Narcissus (fell in love w own reflection)
- feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement.
- Subclinical measure of Narcissistic personality disorder
Psychopathy
nonclinical features of psychopaths
- Impulsivity and thrill seeking
- Superficial charm, manipulative
- Low empathy, remorse, guilt
The dark triad personality type is associated with
- Preference for short term relationships
- ‘Night-time’ chronotype (awake and active later in the day)
- Cruelty to animals
- Attractiveness to others
The dark triad vs the big 5 models
The traits aren’t really correlated.
Those high on dark triad show a low agreeableness
Honesty/Humility from HEXACO model -.94 correlated
