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McK's Science Review > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

how our brains process and react to the incredible information overload presented to us by the world

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2
Q

dual-coding theory

A

states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

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3
Q

information processing model

A

state that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

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4
Q

cognitive development

A

development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the life span

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5
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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6
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permanence ends this stage; birth -2 years old; Piaget

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7
Q

object permanence

A

objects continue to exist even when they are out of view; this ends the sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years old; marked by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration; Piaget

symbolic thinking- make believe/imagination
egocentrism- inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
centration- tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, inability to understand idea of conservation

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9
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years old; children can understand the idea of conservation and consider the perspective of others; able to engage in logical thought with concrete info; Piaget

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10
Q

formal operational stage

A

11 years old +; marked by the ability to think logically about abstract idea; Piaget; do an experiment where only one variable is changed

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11
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

educational psychologist, proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and societal rule, symbols, and language

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12
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

problem solving skills

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13
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

related to use of learned skills and knowledge

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14
Q

dementia

A

impaired memory, later progresses to impaired judgement and confusion

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15
Q

delirium

A

rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (non-psychological) causes ex. delirium tremens, caused by alcohol withdrawal

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16
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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17
Q

heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions; “rules of thumb”

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18
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, sterotypical, or representative image of the category

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19
Q

disconfirmation principle

A

evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution did not work

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20
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them; leads to overconfidence (tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge or beliefs as infallible)

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21
Q

belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

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22
Q

recognition-primed decision model

A

intuition, ex. a doctor’s brain is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

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23
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

7 types: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

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24
Q

consciousness

A

one’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within that world

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25
reticular formation
a neural structure located in the brainstem, to keep the cortex awake and alert; brain injury that results in disruption of these connections results in a coma
26
Electroencephalography
EEG, helps record the electrical patterns within the brain while sleeping
27
beta waves
have a high frequency, when we are awake, occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration
28
alpha waves
awake, relaxing with our eyes closed, slower than beta waves, more synchronized than beta waves
29
Stage 1
once you doze off, enter Stage 1, marked with the appearance of theta waves
30
Theta waves
in stage 1 sleep, slower frequencies, higher voltages, irregular wave forms of EEG
31
Stage 2 sleep
sleep spindles and K complexes on EEG
32
Stages 3 and 4
slow-wave sleep (SWS), low-frequency, high voltage sleep waves called delta waves
33
Stages 1-4 Sleep
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM sleep)
34
REM sleep
interspersed between cycles of NREM sleep stages, paradoxical sleep
35
Paradoxical sleep
occurs in REM cycle, HR, breathing, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but individual is still asleep, muscles are paralyzed
36
BAT-D (Bat sleeps in the day)
beta, alpha, theta, delta--> sequence of these brain waves
37
melatonin
makes you sleepy, serotonin derived hormone from the pineal gland
38
cortisol
steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, wakes you up, (hypothalamus) CRF--> (anterior pituitary) ACTH --> cortisol (adrenal cortex)
39
activation-synthesis theory
dreams are caused by wide-spread, random activation of neural circuitry
40
problem solving dream theory
dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping
41
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness
42
neurocognitive models of dreaming
unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes
43
dyssomnias
disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep (insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea)
44
parasomnias
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep (night terrors, sleepwalking)
45
cataplexy
loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours (type of narcolepsy symptom)
46
hypnagogic hallucinations
hallucinations when going to sleep
47
hypnopompic hallucinations
hallucinations when waking up
48
somnambulism
sleepwalking
49
hypnosis
a state when a person appears to be in control of his or her normal functions but is in a highly suggestible state
50
depressants
reduce nervous system activity, result in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
51
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
issue from drinking, caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B) and characterized by a severe memory impairment
52
barbiturates
anxiety reducing and sleep medications, increase GABA activity, cause a sense of relaxation
53
stimulants
increase in the arousal in the nervous system, increases the frequency of action potentials
54
amphetamines
cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their reuptake, increase in HR and blood pressure
55
marijunana
THC in the active chemical, THC inhibits GABA activity, indirectly increases dopamine activity
56
mesolimbic reward pathway
one of four dopaminergic pathways in brain, includes nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the connection between them called the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), addiction pathway is also activated by gambling and falling in love
57
divided attention
ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time; new tasks usually require undivided attention, utilize effortful/ controlled processing
58
automatic processing
familiar or routine actions can be performed with this, permits the brain to focus on other things with divided attention
59
controlled/effortful processing
new tasks or complex task require your full attention
60
phonology
actual sound of language; about 40 speech sounds or phonemes in English
61
morphology
structure of words, words are built from multiple building blocks called morphemes ex. re --> to do again
62
semantics
association of meaning with a word
63
syntax
how words are put together
64
pragmatics
dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge, may tell a friend to "GTFO" while your boss, "do you mind if i have some privacy"
65
prosody
rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices
66
language acquistion
9-12 months - babbling 12-18 months- about one word per month 18-20 months- an explosion of language and combining words 2-3 years- longer sentences (3 words or more) 5 years- language rules largely mastered
67
nativist (biological) theory
advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language, developed by Noam Chomsky, innate ability is called the language acquisition device (LAD), critical period of language learning between 2 years old and puberty
68
learning (behaviorist) theory
BF skinner, language acquisition by operant conditioning, language acquisition by reinforcement
69
social interactionist theory
language development focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes, language acquisition is driven by the child's desire to communicate and behave in a social manner, such as interacting with caretakers and other kids
70
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis, suggests that our perception of reality is determined by the content of language, ex. Inuits are better at discriminating between types of snows bc they have multiple words for types of snow
71
Broca's area
located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex
72
Wernicke's area
located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension
73
What connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
arcuate fasciculus
74
Broca's aphasia
a nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort, pts have the sensation of words on the tip of their tongues
75
Wernicke's aphasia
a fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension, make nonsense sounds
76
conduction aphasia
marked by the inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension, unable to repeat something that's been said

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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