Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

Michelangelo phenomenon

Answer 1

idea that “sculptor simply releases and uncovers the ideal figures that are hidden within stone”….ideal self can be “sculpted” with help from others

Question 2

Social action

Answer 2

Max Weber, actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

if individuals predict a negative reaction from those around them, they will often modify their behavior

Question 3

social facilitation

Answer 3

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 4

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (or simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (or complex tasks)

Question 5

Deindividuation

Answer 5

a social phenomenon that occurs when individuals are in group settings, individual behavior is dramatically different in social environments, large group provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity

can lead to antinormative behaviors

Question 6

Antinormative behavior

Answer 6

behavior against the norm

Question 7

bystander effect

Answer 7

when individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

Question 8

social loafing

Answer 8

the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

Question 9

peer pressure

Answer 9

social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

Question 10

peers

Answer 10

individuals who are equals within a group

Question 11

identity shift effect

Answer 11

when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by the threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group

this will cause an internal conflict, so to eliminate the sense of individual conflict, the individual experiences an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as their own

Question 12

cognitive dissonance

Answer 12

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions, leads to an internal state of discomfort

Question 13

social interaction

Answer 13

explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

Question 14

group polarization

Answer 14

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group, can lead to more risky or more cautious decisions than based off the initial tendencies

Question 15

risky shift

Answer 15

groups tended to make more risky decisions than individuals

later realized it could also go towards caution, so relabeled choice shift

Question 16

choice shift

Answer 16

groups tend to make more risky or more cautious decisions than individuals

Question 17

groupthink

Answer 17

a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

ex. Bay of Pigs invasion

Question 18

8 factors indicative of groupthink

Answer 18

illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, illusion of morality, excessive stereotyping, pressure for conformity, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, mindguards

Question 19

fad

Answer 19

a behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community

ex. pet rocks in the 1970s

Question 20

mass hysteria

Answer 20

shared, intense concern about the threats to society

ex. Salem Witch Trials

Question 21

culture

Answer 21

beliefs, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

Question 22

culture shock

Answer 22

when traveling outside of one’s society, cultural differences can be seen as dramatic, known as culture shock

Question 23

assimilation

Answer 23

process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

Question 24

ethnic enclaves

Answer 24

can slow assimilation, neighborhoods like Chinatown or Little Italy

Question 25

multiculturalism

Answer 25

communities or societies containing multiple cultures mosaic--mix of different cultures melting pot- one homogenous culture

Question 26

subcultures

Answer 26

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

Question 27

counterculture

Answer 27

subculture group that gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores

Question 28

socialization

Answer 28

discussing the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

Question 29

cultural transmission/cultural learning

Answer 29

way in which a society socializes its members

Question 30

cultural diffusion

Answer 30

spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

Question 31

primary socialization

Answer 31

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society

Question 32

secondary socialization

Answer 32

process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society, often associated with adolescents and adults (can occur if you change jobs or school)

Question 33

anticipatory socialization

Answer 33

a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships (ex. live together to prepare for married life)

Question 34

re-socialization

Answer 34

process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have positive or negative connotations ex. train armed forces to respond to commands without hesitation; indoctrinating members into a cult

Question 35

norms

Answer 35

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior serve as social control--> provide a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups

Question 36

mores

Answer 36

widely observed social norms

Question 37

sanctions

Answer 37

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

Question 38

taboo

Answer 38

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

Question 39

folkways

Answer 39

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, like shaking hands after a sports match

Question 40

deviance

Answer 40

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

Question 41

stigma

Answer 41

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

Question 42

labeling theory

Answer 42

the labels given to people affect not only how other respond to that person, but also the person's self image if you call someone a slut, they may become more slutty

Question 43

differential association theory

Answer 43

deviance can be learned through interactions with others if you are around "the wrong group", you may engage in bad behavior

Question 44

strain theory

Answer 44

deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure; social goal is to get money, if you don't get it bc you weren't well educated, you may steal deviant behavior arrises to attempt to achieve a social goal outside the limiting social structure

Question 45

conformity

Answer 45

matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms pressure to conform can be real or imagined, also known as a majority influence

Question 46

normative conformity

Answer 46

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

Question 47

internalization

Answer 47

changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

Question 48

identification

Answer 48

outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas

Question 49

compliance

Answer 49

a change in behavior based on a direct request

Question 50

foot-in-the door technique

Answer 50

a small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

Question 51

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 51

a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made

Question 52

lowball technique

Answer 52

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of commitment

Question 53

that's not all technique

Answer 53

an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected

Question 54

obedience

Answer 54

changing one's behavior in response to a direct order form an authority figure people are far more likely to obey rather than comply due to the real or perceived power of the individual

Question 55

social cognition

Answer 55

ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Question 56

attitude

Answer 56

the expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario ABC Affective Behavioral Cognitive

Question 57

affective component of attitude

Answer 57

refers to the way a person feels toward something and is the emotional component of attitude

Question 58

behavioral component of attitude

Answer 58

the way a person acts with respect to something--> for example, avoiding snakes and spending time with one's family would reflect the behavioral component of attitude

Question 59

cognitive component of attitude

Answer 59

they way an individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for affective and behavioral components

Question 60

functional attitudes theory

Answer 60

attitudes serve four functions 1. knowledge--> provides consistency and stability, provide organization to thoughts and experiences, knowing the attitude of others helps to predict their behavior 2. ego expression--> communicate and solidify our self-identity 3. adaptation--> idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed 4. ego defense--> protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

Question 61

learning theory

Answer 61

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning, for ex. a child that's taught by parents not to form curse words will form a negative attitude towards curse words and those that use them

Question 62

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 62

separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information, central route processing vs peripheral route processing

Question 63

central route processing

Answer 63

those who think deeply about info and do deep thinking, ex. someone who picks a political candidate based off policy high elaboration, re elaboration likelihood model

Question 64

peripheral route processing

Answer 64

those who don't elaborate, focus on superficial details, the appearance of the individual ex. pick a candidate because they are the most attractive low elaboration, re elaboration likelihood model

Question 65

social cognitive theory

Answer 65

postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others, ex. work ethic of employees in a company is affected by how hard their colleagues work impacted by Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation

Question 66

Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 66

personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors all play a role!