Cognitive processing

Question 1

Trial and error

Answer 1

Continue trying different solutions until problem is solveing IE. Restarting your phone, toggling Wi-Fi/Bluetooth to fix a connection issue

Question 2

Algorithm

Answer 2

Step-by-step problem-solving formula IE. Using an instruction manual to install software

Question 3

Heuristic

Answer 3

General problem-solving framework IE Working backward, simplifying steps, “rule of thumb”

Question 4

Schema

Answer 4

Schemata allow the brain to make quick predictions about people, objects, and situations. Once activated, it automatically fills in missing details based on past experience.

Question 5

Role schema

Answer 5

set of expectations about how someone in a particular role is likely to behave

Question 6

Event schema, or cognitive script

Answer 6

mental blueprint for how to behave in a specific situation. These scripts feel automatic because we’ve internalized them through repetition.

Question 7

Natural concepts

Answer 7

concepts we form through experience—either direct (hands-on) or indirect (through media, conversations, or stories).

Question 8

Mental set

Answer 8

where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

Question 9

Functional fixedness

Answer 9

type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Question 10

Anchoring bias

Answer 10

when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem.

Question 11

Conformation bias

Answer 11

is the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.

Question 12

Hindsight bias

Answer 12

belief that after an event has occurred, you “knew it all along”—even if you actually didn’t.

Question 13

Representative bias

Answer 13

stereotype of faulty thinking in which you unintentionally judge someone, or something based on how well it matches a stereotype

Question 14

Availability heuristic (availability bias)

Answer 14

a mental shortcut in which decisions are made based on examples or memories that come easily to mind—even if they are not the most accurate.

Question 15

Choice blindness

Answer 15

failure to notice a mismatch between the option you intended to choose and the option you actually receive—and then going on to accept or even justify that outcome as if it were your own choice/not just forgetting your choice later. It’s failing to notice, in the moment, that the outcome does not match what you chose.

Question 16

Attention

Answer 16

cognitive process that allows people to focus on a
specific stimulus in the environment

Question 17

Language

Question 18

Learning

Answer 18

requires cognitive processes involved in taking in new things, synthesizing information, and integrating it with prior knowledge

Question 19

Perception

Answer 19

cognitive process that allows people to take in information through their senses (sensation) and then utilize this information to respond and interact with the world.

Question 20

Memory

Answer 20

important cognitive process that allows people
to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is a critical component in the learning process and allows people to retain knowledge about the
world and their personal histories

Question 21

Thought

Answer 21

essential part of every cognitive process. It allows people to engage in decision-making, problem-solving, and
higher reasoning