Cognitive Psychology - Judgements, Decisions and Reasoning

Question 1

reasoning that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises

Answer 1

deductive reasoning

Question 2

Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true

Answer 2

inductive reasoning

Question 3

Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises.

Answer 3

validity

Question 4

A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic

Answer 4

syllogism

Question 5

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with All, No, or Some.

Answer 5

categorical syllogism

Question 6

A syllogism is _______ when it makes accurate claims – that is, when the information it contains is consistent with the facts.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

______ is about whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises based on the form or structure of the syllogism

Answer 7

validity

Question 8

All of the students are tired. (All A are B)
Some tired people are irritable. (Some C are D)
Some of the students are irritable. (Some A are D)

is this Syllogism valid and/or true?

Answer 8

can be true
not valid

Question 9

if one or two ________ are not true, the conclusion may not be true, even thought the syllogisms reasoning is valid

Answer 9

premises

Question 10

reasoning that moves from the general to the specific

Answer 10

deductive reasoning

Question 11

reasoning that moves from the specific to the general

Answer 11

inductive reasoning

Question 11

In the past, eating peanuts did not cause me to have an allergic reaction.
Therefore, in the future, I will not have an allergic reaction to peanuts.

what reasoning is this?

Answer 11

inductive

Question 11

the tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believable.

Answer 11

belief bias

Question 11

conclusions reached are probably true, but not definitely true, because the conclusions drawn are based on generalizations from specific observations that are not always representative of the broader principle or population.

Answer 11

inductive reasoning

Question 12

A specific situation that is represented in a person’s mind to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning.

Answer 12

mental model

Question 13

In deductive reasoning, determining if syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism

Answer 13

mental model approach

Question 14

if both of the premises are true and the syllogism is valid, then the conclusion is ______

Answer 14

true

Question 15

syllogisms have two premises and a conclusion and the first premise has the form “If … then.”

Answer 15

conditional syllogism

Question 16

If I study, I’ll get a good grade.
I got a good grade.
Therefore, I studied.

is this syllogism valid?

Answer 16

not valid

Question 17

if i live in Melton, then i live in Melbourne
I don’t live in melton
therefore, i don’t live in melbourne

is this syllogism Valid?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

if i live in melton, then i live in Melbourne
I live in Melbourne
therefore, i live in melton

is this syllogism valid?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

All of the students live in Melton,
Some students who live in melton are Millionaires
Some of the students are millionaires

is this syllogism valid?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

If i study, ill get a good grade
I studied
therefore i got a good grade

is this syllogism valid?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

if i study, i'll get a good grade i got a good grade therefore, i studied is this syllogism valid?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

a classic reasoning problem used to study the mechanisms that determine the outcome of conditional reasoning tasks and deductive reasoning

Answer 22

wason four card problem

Question 23

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.

Answer 23

falsification principle

Question 24

Cheng and Holyoak, suggested that an explanation for why people find the Wason four card problem easier when it involves regulation people is that people think in terms of ________—their knowledge about rules that govern their thoughts and actions

Answer 24

schemas

Question 25

one schema to explain the wason four card problem being easier when states in real-life terms is the __________ schema

Answer 25

permission

Question 26

A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies condition A, then they get to carry out action B. this schema has been used to explain the results of the Wason four-card problem

Answer 26

permission schema

Question 27

what are two explanations for why people understand syllogisms like the Wason task when they are stated in real world situations?

Answer 27

- permission - cheaters

Question 28

an approach to decision making which assumed that people are basically rational

Answer 28

expected utility theory

Question 29

According to expected utility theory, if people have all of the relevant information, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility, where ______ refers to outcomes that achieve a person’s goals

Answer 29

utility

Question 30

One of the advantages of this approach is that it specifies procedures that make it possible to determine which choice would result in the highest monetary value.

Answer 30

expected utility theory

Question 31

One of the most powerful effects of emotion on decision making involves emotions that people predict they will feel for a particular outcome.

Answer 31

expected emotions

Question 32

Expected emotions are one of the determinants of _______—the tendency to avoid taking risks.

Answer 32

risk aversion

Question 33

One of the things that increases the chance of risk _______ is the tendency to predict that a particular loss will have a greater impact than a gain of the same size

Answer 33

aversion

Question 34

emotions that are not caused by having to make a decision

Answer 34

incidental emotions

Question 35

emotions that can be related to a person’s general disposition (the person is naturally happy, for example), something that happened earlier in the day, or the general environment such as background music being played in a game show or the cheers of the game show audience.

Answer 35

incidental emotions

Question 36

being faced with a more difficult decision can lead to making what?

Answer 36

no decision at all

Question 37

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to choose a course of action—for example, choosing to be an organ donor

Answer 37

opt-in procedure

Question 38

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action—for example, choosing not to be an organ donor.

Answer 38

opt-out procedure

Question 39

Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.

Answer 39

status quo bias

Question 40

Sticking with your current cable/satellite provider, even though another provider might offer more channels at a cheaper price, you are already familiar with the rates, choices, and customer service offered by your current provider

Answer 40

status quo bias

Question 41

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains.

Answer 41

risk aversion strategy

Question 42

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses

Answer 42

risk taking strategy

Question 43

decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated,

Answer 43

framing effect

Question 44

when a choice is framed in terms of gains, people use what strategy?

Answer 44

risk aversion

Question 45

when a choice is framed in terms of losses, which strategy will people use?

Answer 45

risk taking

Question 46

Imagine that the United States is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual disease that is expected to kill 600 people If Program A is adopted, 200 people will be saved. If Program B is adopted, there is a one-third probability that 600 people will be saved, and a two-thirds probability that no people will be saved. those who choose Program A are taking what strategy?

Answer 46

risk aversion

Question 47

Imagine that the United States is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual disease that is expected to kill 600 people If Program C is adopted, 400 people will die. If Program D is adopted, there is a one-third probability that nobody will die, and a two-thirds probability that 600 people will die. if 78% of people choose program D which strategy are they taking?

Answer 47

risk taking

Question 48

A new approach to studying decision making, called ___________, combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics to study how brain activation is related to decisions that involve potential gains or losses

Answer 48

neuroeconomics

Question 49

outcomes of neuroeconomics approach has been research that has identified areas of the brain that are activated as people make decisions while playing economic games.This research shows that decisions are often influenced by _______, which are associated with activity in specific areas of the brain.

Answer 49

emotions

Question 50

a game that involves two players, one designated as the proposer and the other as the responder. The proposer is given a sum of money, say $10, and makes an offer to the responder as to how this money should be split between them. If the responder accepts the offer, then the money is split according to the proposal. If the responder rejects the offer, neither player receives anything. Either way, the game is over after the responder makes his or her decision.

Answer 50

ultimatum game

Question 51

According to _______ theory, the responder should always accept the proposer’s offer as long as it’s greater than zero in the ultimatum game

Answer 51

utility

Question 52

in the ultimatum game, the right anterior insula was activated about three times more strongly when responders ______ an offer than when they ________ it

Answer 52

- rejected - accepted

Question 53

Sanfey suggests that the function of the PFC in the ultimatum game may be to deal with the cognitive ________ of the task, which involves weighing the choices to determine which decision is best.

Answer 53

demands

Question 54

without a functioning PFC, unfair offers are more likely to be _______.

Answer 54

accepted

Question 55

the insula is particularly active when participants viewed excessively priced items, and this activation predicted decisions ______ purchase.

Answer 55

not to

Question 56

the idea that there are two mental systems—a fast, automatic, intuitive system, and a slower, more deliberative, thoughtful system

Answer 56

dual systems approach

Question 57

in the dual systems approach, system 1 is what mental system?

Answer 57

- fast, automatic and intuitive

Question 58

in the dual systems approach, system 2 is what mental system?

Answer 58

- slow, deliberate and thoughtful

Question 59

which system is linked to the belief bias and heuristics?

Answer 59

System 1

Question 60

quickly evaluate evidence that we see in the news; we see a story that just “makes sense,” as in the case of the malformed daisies produced by the nuclear disaster , which system is this?

Answer 60

system 1

Question 61

which system is this? perceive things in the environment, react to a loud noise, read emotions in someone’s face, or negotiate a curve while driving

Answer 61

system 1

Question 62

which system is this? entering a construction zone or passing a large truck at 70 miles an hour

Answer 62

system 2