LANGUAGE - quiz Flashcards
when comparing garden path and constraint based approach to parsing, the crucial question is ________ is involved
A) whether semantics
B) whether syntax
C) when semantics
D) when syntax
C
when we hear the sentence “the woman with the sparkly black backpack is my sister”, we recognise that the sentence has two main constituents: the subject (the woman with the sparkly black backpack) and its predicate (is my sister), what does this correspond to?
Parsing
in parsing, semantics contribute to the constraint based approach by providing constraints related to word meanings and influenced the interpretation of _______ structures
syntactic
what are two types of contexts that influence parsing of a sentence, according to the constraint based approach to parsing, what are they?
- story
- scene
after participants heard the sentence “place the apple” they moved their eyes to the apple, then hearing the rest of the sentence “on the towel” they assumed that they were being told to put the apple on the towel, and then when they heard “in the box”, they realised they were looking at the wrong place and quickly shifted their eyes to the box. what technique is used in determining how information in a scene can influence how a scene is processed?
visual world paradigm
a syntax based principle where too many words are added to a phrase, everytime a new word is encountered
late closure
“the senator who spotted the reporter shouted” is an example of _______ relative construction
subject
reading the sentence “the runner jumped over the hurdle” brings up a mental image of a runner on a track, jumping over a hurdle is explain by the _____ model
situation model
“the senator who the reporter spotted shouted” is an example of ________ relative construction
object
a task used to illustrate processing differences between high and low frequency words
lexical decision task
the word “bug” can refer to an insect, a hidden listening device or to annoying someone
lexical ambiguity
the runner jumped over the hurdle brings up an image of a run-ner on a track, jumping a hurdle. this is explained why the ______ model
situation
in an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence “Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained,” contained either the target word “pretty” or “demure.” Results showed the participants’ _____ was shorter for the target word _____.
a.
lexical distinction; demure
b.
fixation; demure
c.
fixation; pretty
d.
lexical distinction; pretty
c.
fixation; pretty
Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, “It seemed like the song would play forever,” Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)
a.
given-new contract.
b.
age-appropriate principle.
c.
garden path model.
d.
instrument inference.
d.
instrument inference.
In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that
a.
had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.
b.
communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it.
c.
had a large number of sophisticated language systems.
d.
had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies.
c.
had a large number of sophisticated language systems.
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
a.
slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words.
b.
quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
c.
quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
d.
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
d.
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
Consider the following sentences: “Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it.” These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
a.
global connection.
b.
garden path sequence.
c.
instrument inference.
d.
anaphoric inference.
d.
anaphoric inference.
The given-new contract is a method for creating
a.
anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.
b.
resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
c.
children’s mastery of syntax.
d.
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.
d.
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on
a.
the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
b.
the identification of a single meaning for that word.
c.
the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.
d.
a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.
a.
the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?
a.
Language has a structure that is governed by rules
b.
Coding is required for langauge
c.
Language involves the use of a lexicon
d.
Language symbols must have high discriminability
a.
Language has a structure that is governed by rules
Tanenhaus and coworkers’ eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, “Put the apple on the towel in the box.” Their results support
a.
the syntax-first approach to parsing.
b.
the interactionist approach to parsing.
c.
the garden-path model to parsing.
d.
both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.
b.
the interactionist approach to parsing.
Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
a.
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.
b.
The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.
c.
The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.
d.
The cats won’t bake.
a.
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.
Pollack and Pickett’s experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify
a.
none of the words spoken by others.
b.
50% of the words spoken by their own voices.
c.
50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs.
d.
100% of the words spoken by their own voices.
b.
50% of the words spoken by their own voices.
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
a.
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
b.
identify words that are contained in sentences.
c.
separate a sentence into individual words.
d.
decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
a.
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
a.
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
