MEMORY QUIZ Flashcards
1
Q
June notices the colour of a written word or whether or not its in all capitals when she is reading a text. according to the levels of processing theory, what sort of processing is June using?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
A
B
2
Q
June is learning a list of words, : play, bottle, door, and chair. she is asked which of these words has two syllables. what sort of processing will June be likely to use?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
A
D
3
Q
June is learning a list of words, : play, bottle, door, and chair. she is asked which of these words rhymes with “hair” what sort of processing will June be likely to use?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
A
D
4
Q
If structural processing encodes the font color of the word “hair” and phonemic processing encodes the sound of the word, what processing encodes what hair is, how it relates to other words around it?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
A
C
5
Q
you’ve studied hard for an exam but can’t come up with an answer when you’re taking the exam, only to remember it later after the exam is over. what memory failure have you experienced?
A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) rehearsal
D) recall
A
B
6
Q
in a study period, a list of words are presented that includes the word “house”. later, in the test, a list of words is presented that includes “house” plus some other words that were not presented, such as “table” and “money”. what sort of memory is being measured?
A) recognition
B) free recall
C) encoding specificity
D) cued recall
A
A
7
Q
according to the standard model of consolidation, the participation of the hippocampus is crucial during the early stages of memory, as it is replaying the neural activity associated with a memory and sending this information to the cortex. this process is called _______ helps form direct connections between the various cortical areas
A) activation
B) reconsolidation
C) reactivation
D) consolidation
A
C
8
Q
This loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury, called retrograde amnesia, can extend back minutes, hours, or even years, depending on the nature of the injury. And a characteristic of retrograde amnesia, is one that tends to be most severe for events that happened just before the injury and to become less severe for earlier events is known as what?
A) anterograde amnesia
B) graded amnesia
C) dissociative amnesia
D) transient global amnesia
A
B
9
Q
Hupbach found that when participants are asked to remember items from Monday (Items A) earlier and were then presented with new items on Wednesday (items B), items A were vulnerable to being change - as participants learned Items B, some of these new objects became integrated into their memory for items A when asked to recall some of B items when they are tested on Friday.
One explanation for this suggests that Items A is associated with context on the day of presentation, because the same experimenter and the a blue basket were present, therefore when items B is learned within the Items A context, items B becomes associated with items A context. what explanation describes Hupbachs results in this way?
A) consolidation hypothesis
B) recondolisation hypothesis
C) temporal context model
D) recognition memory
A
C
10
Q
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The self-reference effect
The propaganda effect
Release from proactive inhibition
Encoding specificity
A
The propaganda effect
11
Q
A patient suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome, such as “Jimmy G” who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Following a story in a book
Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
Recognizing people he has recently met
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
A
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
12
Q
One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to
utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task.
test patients with amnesia.
use backward instead of forward priming.
employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.
A
test patients with amnesia.
13
Q
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.
working
semantic
procedural
autobiographical
A
procedural
13
Q
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Classical conditioning
Repetition priming
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
A
Semantic memory
13
Q
According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel.
it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
it involves both explicit and implicit memories.
A
it involves mental time travel.
14
Q
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
Recalling the names of popular fairy tales
Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
A
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
14
Q
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
A) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
B) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
C) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
D) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
A
C) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
15
Q
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
A
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
15
Q
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus.
Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is.
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred
A
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
15
Q
Carrie answers her phone with “Hello?” A response, “Hi, Carrie!” comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with “Hi, Dad!” Carrie processed “Hi, Carrie” using an
auditory code in short-term memory.
auditory code in long-term memory.
iconic code in short-term memory.
iconic code in long-term memory.
A
auditory code in long-term memory.
16
Q
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
recall
recognition
word-completion
personal semantic memory
A
recognition
17
Q
________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
Explicit
Declarative
All of the above
A
Implicit
18
Q
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar’s experience demonstrates
The phonological similarity effect
A build-up and release of proactive interference
The cocktail party phenomenon
A partial-report procedure
A
A build-up and release of proactive interference
18
Q
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not
depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
A
implicit and procedural
18
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
has no effect on the curve.
increases the primacy effect.
decreases the recency effect.
increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
decreases the recency effect.
19
the maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.
lead to effective autobiographical memories.
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
19
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
the physical features of the word.
the meaning of a word.
the pleasantness of a word.
the category of a word.
the physical features of the word.
20
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
"apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
"apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
21
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
excited
relaxed
nervous
neutral
relaxed
22
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
22
____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Remote
Standard
Systems
Synaptic
Systems
22
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
22
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
23
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
recent and remote episodic
recent and remote semantic
recent episodic
remote semantic
recent and remote episodic
24
In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of
maintenance rehearsal.
mood-congruent memory.
the consolidation-reconsolidation effect.
paired-associate learning.
paired-associate learning.
25
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
levels of processing.
depth of processing.
transfer-appropriate processing.
reconsolidation.
reconsolidation.
26
Graded amnesia occurs because
A) remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.
B) recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
C) emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
D) nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
B) recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
27
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
remote
recent
anterograde
emotional
remote
27
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories.
remote, semantic memories.
remote procedural memories.
state-dependent memories.
remote, episodic memories.
27
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
27
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
state-dependent learning.
encoding.
memory consolidation.
transfer-appropriate processing..
encoding.
28
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short but all on a single day.
long and all on a single day.
short and across several days.
long and across several days.
short and across several days.
28
n Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
spacing effect.
generation effect.
cued recall effect.
multiple trace hypothesis
generation effect.
28
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
28
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.
Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
29
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing.
episodic-based processing.
elaborative rehearsal.
personal semantic memory.
transfer-appropriate processing.
29
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over.
linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
using it in a sentence.
thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
repeating it over and over.
30
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
interfered with by
faster than
the same as
slower than
the same as
31
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
parallel distributed processing
connectionist network
neural network
semantic network
semantic network
31
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
superordinate; subordinate
superordinate; basic
subordinate; basic
basic; subordinate
subordinate; basic
31
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.
resemblance
typicality
priming
reaction-time
typicality
31
When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that
a carrot would be named before eggplant.
an eggplant would be named before carrot.
a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first.
the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.
A
32
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
superordinate level to basic level
basic level to subordinate level
subordinate level to basic level
basic level to superordinate level
superordinate level to basic level
33
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories.
remote, semantic memories.
remote procedural memories.
state-dependent memories.
remote, episodic memories.
34
Information remains in sensory memory for
A. seconds or a fraction of a second.
B. 15-30 seconds.
C. 1-3 minutes.
D. as long as it is rehearsed.
A. seconds or a fraction of a second.
35
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
A. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler.
B. due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out.
C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
D. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.
C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
35
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.
A. control
B. automatic
C. coding
D. iconic
A. control
35
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
A. a visual delay effect.
B. echoic memory.
C. persistence of vision.
D. top-down processing.
C. persistence of vision.
36
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display.
A. 12
B. 10
C. 6
D. 3
B. 10
36
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves
A. a smaller stimulus set.
B. a smaller response set.
C. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set.
D. a shorter rehearsal period.
B. a smaller response set.
37
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
A. iconic memory.
B. primary auditory memory.
C. echoic memory.
D. pre-perceptual auditory memory.
C. echoic memory
37
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
A. STM and LTM are independent components of memory.
B. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.
C. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM.
D. STM has a limited capacity.
B. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.
38
Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
A. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.
B. filling in the blanks when the stimulation is intermittent.
C. holding incoming information briefly during initial processing.
D. collecting information to be processed.
A. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.
39
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.
A. interference; decay
B. priming; interference
C. decay; interference
D. decay; lack of rehearsal
C. decay; interference
40
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as
A. short-term memory.
B. episodic buffering.
C. chunking.
D. proactive interference.
D. proactive interference.
41
If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?
A. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.
B. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color.
C. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice.
D. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.
A. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics
42
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
A. a fraction of a second.
B. 15-20 seconds.
C. 1-3 minutes.
D. 5-7 minutes.
B. 15-20 seconds.
42
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.
A. poor sensory
B. poor short-term
C. normal sensory
D. normal short-term
B. poor short-term
43
The "magic number," according to Miller, is
A. 7 and 11.
B. 5 plus 2.
C. 7 plus or minus 2.
D. lucky 13.
C. 7 plus or minus 2.
43
STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)
A. meaningful units.
B. digits.
C. words.
D. sentences.
A. meaningful units.
43
The primary effect of chunking is to
A. maximize the recency effect.
B. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound.
C. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information.
D. stretch the capacity of STM.
D. stretch the capacity of STM.
44
Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that
A. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
B. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.
C. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.
D. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
D. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
44
Coding refers to the way information is
A. processed.
B. activated.
C. presented.
D. represented.
D. represented.
44
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as
A. L.
B. I.
C. R.
D. C.
D. C.
44
Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the
A. physiological approach to coding.
B. mental approach to coding.
C. physiological and mental approach to coding.
D. study of articulatory suppression.
A. physiological approach to coding.
45
The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus.
A. auditory
B. semantic
C. visual
D. modality
A. auditory
46
Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.
A. semantic
B. auditory
C. abstract
D. visual
D. visual
47
Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
A. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct
B. 80% : 40% : 30% correct
C. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct
D. 70% : 40% : 60% correct
B. 80% : 40% : 30% correct
48
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
A. the stimulus category changed.
B. the stimulus category remained the same.
C. the response task changed.
D. the response task remained the same.
B. the stimulus category remained the same.
48
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
A. The phonological similarity effect
B. A build-up and release of proactive interference
C. The cocktail party phenomenon
D. A partial-report procedure
B. A build-up and release of proactive interference
49
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to
A. proactive interference.
B. your overloading the phonological loop.
C. a release from proactive interference.
D. a recency effect.
A. proactive interference.
50
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing
A. the self-reference effect.
B. retroactive inhibition.
C. release from proactive interference.
D. disinhibition.
C. release from proactive interference.
50
Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of
A. the phonological similarity effect.
B. short-term memory.
C. the persistence of vision.
D. the physiological approach to coding.
B. short-term memory.
51
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
A. short-term memory consists of a number of components.
B. short-term memory has unlimited capacity.
C. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.
D. working memory has unlimited capacity.
C. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.
52
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
A. permanently stored.
B. manipulated.
C. forgotten.
D. perceived.
B. manipulated.
52
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on
A. the STM recency effect.
B. delayed response coding.
C. the phonological loop.
D. the visuospatial sketch pad.
D. the visuospatial sketch pad.
53
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
A. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
B. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG
C. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
D. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN
C. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
54
The word-length effect reveals that
A. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages.
B. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words.
C. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information.
D. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
D. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
54
The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember
A. words that are shorter
B. longer words than shorter words
C. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths.
D. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length
B. longer words than shorter words
55
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
A. the phonological loop.
B. the visuospatial sketch pad.
C. echoic memory.
D. the central executive.
A. the phonological loop.
55
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as
A. articulatory suppression.
B. an overload of sensory memory.
C. rehearsal interference.
D. an LTM recency effect.
A. articulatory suppression.
55
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because
A. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
B. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.
C. talking makes the longer words seem even longer.
D. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.
A. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
56
Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it
A. reduces memory span.
B. interferes with semantic coding.
C. reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words.
D. eliminates the word-length effect.
B. interferes with semantic coding.
57
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND
A. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
B. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
B. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
58
Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND
A. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?
B. pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner?
A. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?
59
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
A. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
B. Trying to remember a map of the area
C. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
D. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
C. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
60
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
A. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
B. both are handled by the sketch pad.
C. both are handled by the phonological loop.
D. both b and c are correct
A. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
61
One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.
A. sensory memory
B. the phonological loop
C. articulatory suppression
D. the central executive
D. the central executive
62
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying
A. sensory memory.
B. decay.
C. perseveration.
D. the central executive.
C. perseveration.
63
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?
A. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
B. The central executive and long-term memory
C. The central executive and the phonological loop
D. The phonological loop and long-term memory
B. The central executive and long-term memory
64
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
A. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
B. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer
C. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory
D. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
A. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
65
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
A. prefrontal cortex
B. amygdala
C. hippocampus
D. occipital lobe
A. prefrontal cortex
65
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the
A. hippocampus.
B. amygdala.
C. occipital cortex.
D. prefrontal cortex.
D. prefrontal cortex.
65
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
A. stimulus presentation.
B. delay.
C. response.
D. All of these.
B. delay.
66
Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task.
A. reading span
B. digit span
C. delayed response
D. mental rotation
A. reading span
67
The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because
A) misleading post information cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring.
B) misleading post information obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
C) the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.
D) MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail.
misleading post information obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
67
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)
"miles per hour."
"fast."
"car crash."
"smashed
"smashed."
67
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.
Korsakoff's syndrome.
disrupted long-term potentiation.
a failure of memory consolidation.
a failure of memory consolidation.
68
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
source misattribution.
confabulation.
consequentiality.
retroactive interference.
source misattribution.
69
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was
greatest when MPI presentation was
visual.
auditory from a male speaker.
auditory from a female speaker.
auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker.
auditory from a female speaker.
70
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.
is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
is largely a blessing because no event would be erased.
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
an seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
71
Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of
memory-trace replacement.
a simultaneous presentation effect
retroactive interference.
a life-narrative confusion.
retroactive interference.
71
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
repeated reproduction.
narrative rehearsal.
cryptomnesia.
repeated recall.
cryptomnesia.
72
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
verbatim recall.
the effect of scripts.
cryptomnesia
constructive memory processes.
constructive memory processes.
73
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories do not occur for all people but rather are
experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances.
occur for details but not for entire events.
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
74
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
repeated recall.
source monitoring.
pre-cueing.
scripting.
repeated recall
75
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
one month.
one hour.
24 hours.
one week.
24 hours
76
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
increased confidence due to postevent questioning.
source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
77
Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting.....
accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories.
a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories.
a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.
accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories.
a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.
78
In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.
sleep
tired
drowsy
blanket
sleep
79
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later.
Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred.
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
80
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
during the event.
before the event.
after the event.
all of the above
after the event
81
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years.
Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement.
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
81
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
uninvolved in memory consolidation.
strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
82
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that....
fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
83
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.
way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
effect of proactive interference.
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
84
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
Deciding how many vowels each word has
Repeating the words over and over in your mind
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
85
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the integrative experience effect.
the self-reference effect.
semantic memory.
a mass practice effect.
the self-reference effect.
86
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
87
The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with
long-term potentiation.
both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
changes in specialized areas of the brain.
changes at the synapse.
both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
88
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
A. The self-reference effect
B. The propaganda effect
C. Release from proactive inhibition
D. Encoding specificity
B. The propaganda effect
89
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
A. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
B. One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook.
C. One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense.
D. One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
A. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
90
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
A. procedural memory.
B. long-term memory storage.
C. working memory.
D. long-term memory acquisition.
D. long-term memory acquisition.
91
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
A. the number of vowels in a word.
B. the meaning of a word.
C. the pleasantness of a word.
D. the category of a word.
A. the number of vowels in a word.
92
the memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with
A. changes at the synapse.
B. long-term potentiation.
C. changes in specialized areas of the brain.
D. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
D. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
92
Graded amnesia occurs because
A. remote memories are more fragile than recent memories.
B. recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.
C. emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.
D. nonemotional memories are more fragile than emotional memories.
B. recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.
93
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her
A. thalamus.
B. prefrontal cortex.
C. amygdala.
D. medial temporal lobe.
C. amygdala.
93
The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by
A. the encoding specificity principle.
B. the spacing effect.
C. levels of processing.
D. the distributed practice effect.
A. the encoding specificity principle.
94
Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result.
A. True
B. False
B. False
95
