Cognitive Psychology - Visual Imagery Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
a type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus
A
visual imagery
2
Q
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory/physical input, is used to include all the senses
A
mental imagery
3
Q
the debate about whether thought is possible in the absence of images
A
imageless thought debate
4
Q
a learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word in each pair is presented and the task is recall the other word
A
paired associate learning
5
Q
to explain that memory for pairs of concrete nouns is better than memory for pairs of abstract nouns, Paivio (1963, 1965) proposed a hypothesis in which concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang onto”
A
conceptual peg hypothesis
6
Q
Shepard and Metzler inferred cognitive processes using ______ ______, determining the amount of time needed to carry out various cognitive tasks
A
mental chronometry
7
Q
a debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as those involved in perception, or on mechanisms related to language, called propositional mechanisms
A
imagery debate
8
Q
Kosslyn proposes that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves _________ representations - representations in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space
A
spatial representations
9
Q
an argument against spatial representations, proposed by Pylyshyn (1973) who argues that the spatial experience of mental images is something that accompanies the real mechanism but not actually part of the mechanism
A
epiphenomenon
10
Q
Pylyshyn proposed that, rather than the spatial representations suggested by Kosslyn, the mechanism underlying imagery involved ___________ representations - representations in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols, such as an equation, or statement, such as “the cat is under the table”
A
propositional
11
Q
a representation that corresponds to spatial representations, where each part of the representation specifies a part of the corresponding object and the distance between the different parts in the representation preserve the corresponding distances between the parts of the object
A
depictive representation
12
Q
a task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking toward the mental image
A
mental walk task
13
Q
neurons in the human brain studied by Kreiman, which fire in the same way when a person sees a picture of an object and when a person creates a visual image of the object
A
imagery neurons
14
Q
Each point on a visual stimulus causes activity at a specific location on a brain structure, such as the visual cortex, and points next to each other on the stimulus cause activity at points next to each other on the structure
A
topographic map
15
Q
damage to the parietal lobe in which the patient ignores objects in one half of the visual field
A
unilateral neglect
16
Q
a method in which things to be remembered are placed at different location in a mental image of a spatial layout - where placing images at locations can help with retrieving memories later
A
method of loci
17
Q
a technique involving imagery, whereby each item is associated in imagination with a number–word pair
A
pegword technique
18
Q
the ability to image spatial relations, such as the layout of a garden.
A
Spatial imagery
19
Q
the ability to image visual details, features, or objects, such as a rose bush with bright red roses in the garden
A
Object imagery
20
Q
a test designed to measure spatial imagery.
Participants see a piece of paper being folded and then pierced by a pencil. Their task was to pick from five choices what the paper would look like when unfolded
A
paper folding test
21
Q
a questionnaire designed
to measure object imagery. Participants rate, on a 5-point scale, the vividness of mental images they were asked to create. A typical item: “The sun is rising above the horizon into a hazy sky.”
A
vividness of visual imagery questionnaire
22
Q
A task in which a line drawing is degraded by omitting parts of the drawing and obscuring it with a visual noise pattern. The person’s task is to identify the object.
A
Degraded pictures task
23
Q
a task requiring participants to judge whether pictures were two views of the same object or mirror-image objects.
A
mental rotation task
24
Q
representations in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols such as an equation, or reading the statement such as “the cat is under the table”
A
propositional representations
25
spatial representations in which we imagine the picture of the cat under a table, and parts of the representation correspond to parts of the object
depictive representations
26
Paivio showed that it was easier to remember ____________ nouns, like truck and tree, that can be imagined than it is to remember abstract nouns, like truth and justice, that are difficult to imagine
concrete
27
Paivio used the paired associate learning technique and found that _________ is better for pairs of concrete nouns
memory
28
Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis to explain what finding?
memory is better for concrete nouns
29
if presenting the pair boat–hat creates an image of a boat, then presenting the word boat later will bring back the boat image, which provides a number of places on which participants can place the hat in their mind - what hypothesis explains this?
conceptual peg
30
paivio inferred cognitive processes by measuring what?
memory
31
Shepard and Metzler inferred cognitive processes using what?
mental chronometry
32
mental chronometry is the study of what?
processing speed
33
results of Shepard and Metzler's experiment showed that mental and perceptual images both involve _______ representations of the stimulus
spatial
34
the idea that there is a spatial correspondence between imagery and perception is supported by Kosslyn, who used a task called ______ _____, in which participants create mental images and then scan them in their mind
mental scanning
35
an epiphenomenon is a _______ phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a ________ phenomenon
- secondary
- primary
36
neurons that fire in the same way when the persons eyes are closed and they imagined a baseball or a face
imagery neurons
37
________ _______ respond in the same way to perceiving an object and to imagining an object
imagery neurons
38
Each point on a visual stimulus causes activity at a specific location on a brain structure, such as the visual cortex, and points next to each other on the stimulus cause activity at points next to each other on the structure.
topographic map
39
leaving a footprint in the wet sand - with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch and each toe clearly identified- is similar to which concept?
topographic map
40
imagine a map of your state that includes three locations: the place where you live, a town that is far away, and another town that is closer but does not fall on a straight line connecting your location and the far town.
Starting at your location, to form an image of a black speck moving along a straight line between your location and the closer town.
what is this an example of ?
mental scanning
41
mental chronometry is the empirical study of what?
reaction time
42
The basic idea of the propositional representation is that relationships between objects are represented by ______ and not by spatial mental images of the scene
symbols
43
a bottle under a table would be represented by a formula made of symbols like UNDER(BOTTLE,TABLE) according to _______ representations
propositional
44
representing a cat under a table by visualising an image of a cat literally under a table in mental space
deptictive
45
the visual cortex is organised as a topographic map, in which specific locations on a visual ________ cause activity at specific locations in the visual __________, and points next to each other on the stimulus cause activity at locations next to each other on the cortex.
- stimulus
- cortex
46
in an experiment by Kozhevnikovs, the participants were given two measures of spatial imagery, what were they?
- spatial imagery
- object imagery
47
in an experiment by Kozhevnikovs, spatial imagery was measured by what?
paper folding test
48
in an experiment by Kozhevnikovs, object imagery was measured by what?
vividness of visual imagery questionnaire
49
spatial imagery refers to the ability to imagine _________ and object imagery refers to the ability to imagine __________
- spatial relations
- visual details
50
in one experiment, participants were presented with a degraded pictures task and a mental rotation task. the results showed that ________ imagers did better in the mental rotation task and ________ imagers did better on the degraded pictures task
- spatial
- mental
51
the degraded pictures task is used to study what?
object imagery
52
which statement is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
a) imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception
b) thought is always accompanied by imagery
c) people can rotate images of objects in their heads
d) imagery is closely related to language
b) thought is always accompanied by imagery
53
One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question.
A. visual search
B. her visual icon
C. visual imagery
D. mental chronometry
C. visual imagery
54
Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.
A. mental chronometry
B. mental synthesis
C. visual imagery
D. inner audition
D. inner audition
55
Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and
A. dual coding.
B. dreams.
C. inner audition.
D. the visual buffer.
B. dreams.
56
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
A. some people have great difficulty forming visual images.
B. visual images vary in detail.
C. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
D. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.
C. visual images are invisible to everyone except the
57
"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT
A. thought is impossible without an image.
B. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.
C. imagery requires a special mechanism.
D. imagery is not required for thinking.
C. imagery requires a special mechanism.
58
Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
A. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.
B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.
C. People can rotate images of objects in their heads.
D. Imagery is closely related to language.
B
59
Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
A. Baseball
B. America
C. Apple pie
D. Freedom
D
60
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
A. b___ - h___.
B. car.
C. house.
D. a blank piece of paper for free recall.
B
61
The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
A. True lies
B. Amazing grace
C. Valley girl
D. Mission impossible
C
62
Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
A. image scanning.
B. mental chronometry.
C. epiphenomena.
D. propositional representations.
B
63
Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?
A. 30 degrees
B. 60 degrees
C. 90 degrees
D. 180 degrees
A
64
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
A. how easy mental rotation is for humans.
B. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.
C. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.
D. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
D
65
Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved
A. image synthesis.
B. mental scanning.
C. method of loci.
D. propositional representations.
B
66
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
A. visual icons.
B. mental images.
C. perceptual images.
D. none of these
B
67
Mental-scanning experiments found
A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
B. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
C. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
D. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.
A
68
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
A
69
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
A. actually exists.
B. can be used to solve spatial problems.
C. is similar for all people.
D. is based on mechanisms related to language.
D
70
Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.
A. mental scanning
B. categorization
C. priming
D. mental walk
A
71
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
A. epiphenomenal
B. propositional
C. spatial
D. unilateral
C
72
Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)
A. epiphenomenon.
B. inner scribe.
C. convergent behavior.
D. propositional behavior.
A
73
OVER (MOON, MIAMI) is a _____ representation.
A. depictive
B. spatial
C. propositional
D. descriptive
C
74
The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT
A. nodes.
B. language.
C. spatial layouts.
D. symbols.
C
75
Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
A. tacit knowledge.
B. a proposition.
C. the method of loci.
D. a depictive representation.
D
76
Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?
A. The results of scanning experiments
B. Depictive representations
C. The tacit-knowledge explanation
D. none of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial)
C
77
In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.
A. epiphenomenon
B. depictive representation
C. spatial representation
D. tacit-knowledge
D
78
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
A. a coyote.
B. another rabbit.
C. an elephant.
D. a fly.
D
79
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.
A. image scanning
B. mental walk
C. mental synthesis
D. mental set
B
80
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
A. right at the front door.
B. two feet from the front door.
C. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.
D. one mile away from the house.
C
81
Perky's imagery study from the early 1900s had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that
A. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.
B. people were unconsciously influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images.
C. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images.
D. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.
B
82
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
A. imagery and perception are two different phenomena.
B. imagery and perception can interact with one another.
C. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images.
D. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.
B
83
Imagery neurons respond to
A. all visual images.
B. only visual images in a specific category.
C. visual images as well as objects in a specific category.
D. all objects.
C
84
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
B. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.
C. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches.
D. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.
A
85
Suppose you were conducting a brain imaging experiment to investigate the overlap between brain areas activated by perceiving an object and those activated by imagining it. Which of the following best describes your investigation's baseline condition?
A. A baseline condition is only needed to determine which areas were activated by imagery.
B. A baseline condition is only needed to determine which areas were activated by perception.
C. The baseline condition is needed for determining imagery activation and for determining perception activation.
D. Since you are comparing perception activation to imagery activation, no baseline condition is needed.
C
86
Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
A. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
B. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
C. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
D. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
D
87
Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____.
A. creating images; activated
B. creating images; deactivated
C. perceiving stimuli; activated
D. perceiving stimuli; deactivated
B
88
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to
A. temporarily disrupt the functioning of a brain area.
B. permanently remove (or lesion) a part of the brain.
C. permanently disrupt the function of a part of the brain but leave it intact.
D. temporarily awaken areas of the brain that are non-responsive to other input.
A
88
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
A. is an epiphenomenon.
B. can be inferred using mental chronometry.
C. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.
D. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.
D
89
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
A. size of the field of view.
B. recognition of objects in the left side of space.
C. ability to visually recognize objects.
D. ability to draw objects from memory.
A
90
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
A. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
B. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.
C. neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction.
D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.
D
91
A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
B
92
To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.
A. lower; higher
B. higher; lower
C. both lower and higher; higher
D. higher; both lower and higher
D
93
In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.
A. bottom-up; bottom-up
B. top-down; top-down
C. bottom-up; top-down
D. top-down; bottom-up
C
94
In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
A. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
B. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.
C. imagery is more stable than perception.
D. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.
B
94
Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.
A. mental synthesis
B. paired-associate learning
C. the pegword technique
D. method of loci
D
94
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as
A. the pegword technique.
B. method of loci.
C. paired-associate learning.
D. a propositional representation.
B
95
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
A. order.
B. importance.
C. concreteness.
D. bizarreness.
A
96
As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
A. associations.
B. propositions.
C. rhymes.
D. visualizations.
B
97
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
A. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.
B. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.
C. their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.
D. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.
D
97
The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.
A. spatial
B. propositional
C. symbolic
D. verbal
A
98
The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on
A. a rule-based approach.
B. mental simulation.
C. tacit-knowledge.
D. working memory.
C
99
The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.
A. spatial
B. propositional
C. tacit
D. neuron
B
100
The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
True lies
Amazing grace
Cake mug
Mission impossible
Cake mug
101
The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT
abstract symbols.
an equation.
a spatial layout.
a statement
a spatial layout.
101
Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)
epiphenomenon.
inner scribe.
convergent behavior.
propositional behavior.
epiphenomenon.
102
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
imagery and perception are two different phenomena.
imagery and perception can interact with one another.
there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images.
creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.
imagery and perception can interact with one another.
103
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
size of the field of view.
recognition of objects in the left side of space.
ability to visually recognize objects.
ability to draw objects from memory.
size of the field of view
104
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.
they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.
their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.
they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.
they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance
104
To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.
lower; higher
higher; lower
both lower and higher; higher
higher; both lower and higher
higher; both lower and higher
105
Imagery neurons respond to
all visual images.
only visual images in a specific category.
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
106
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
some people have great difficulty forming visual images.
visual images vary in detail.
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
the imageless thought debate was unresolved.
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
107
Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
tacit knowledge.
a proposition.
the method of loci.
a depictive representation.
dedicative representation
108
Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.
mental synthesis
paired-associate learning
the pegword technique
method of loci
method of loci
109
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
order.
importance.
concreteness.
bizarreness.
order
110
Mental-scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image
a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.
direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
