cognitive reading quiz 1

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. (learning that persists over time; it is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.)

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

begins as difficulty remembering new information and progresses into an inability to do everyday tasks. Family members and close friends become strangers; complex speech devolves to simple sentences; the brain’s memory centers weaken and wither.

Answer 2

alzheimer’s disease

Question 3

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. A fill-in-the-blank question tests this retention measure

Answer 3

recall

Question 4

identifying items previously learned. A multiple-choice question tests this retention measure

Answer 4

recognition

Question 5

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood you test this retention measure

Answer 5

relearning

Question 6

showed our response speed when recalling or recognizing information indicates memory strength, as does our speed at relearning with nonsense syllables

Answer 6

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 7

it likens human memory to computer operations, such models help us think about how our brain forms and retrieves memories

Answer 7

information-processing model

Question 8

the process of getting information into the memory system— for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 8

encoding

Question 9

the process of retaining encoded information over time.

Answer 9

storage

Question 10

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Answer 10

retrieval

Question 11

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.

Answer 11

parallel processing

Question 12

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Answer 12

sensory memory

Question 13

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 13

short-term memory

Question 14

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 14

long-term memory

Question 15

The three stage model of our memory-forming process

Answer 15

Sensory memory -> short term memory -> long-term memory

Question 16

the three step process to remember any event

Answer 16

encoding -> storage -> retrieval

Question 17

Scientists that proposed a three-stage model of our memory forming process

Answer 17

Richard Atkinson and Richard Chiffrin

Question 18

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 18

working memory

Question 19

THe scientist who trained rats to find their way out of a maze, then surgically removes pieces of their brain’s cortex and retested their memory. The rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate the maze.

Answer 19

Karl Lashley

Question 20

Memories are _____-______ but the brain distributes the components of a memory across a network of locations

Answer 20

brain-based

Question 21

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 21

semantic memory

Question 21

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 21

semantic memory

Question 22

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 22

episodic memory

Question 23

When you summon up a mental encore of a past experience, many brain regions send input to your _____for working memory processing

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex (the front part of your frontal lobes)

Question 24

Recalling a password and holding it in working memory, for example, would activate the

Answer 24

left frontal lobe

Question 25

Calling up a visual party scene would more likely activate the

Answer 25

right frontal lobe

Question 26

Cognitive neuroscientists have found that the ______ can be likened to a “save” button for explicit memories, like names images and events.

Answer 26

hippocampus

Question 27

Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus. Instead, this structure seems to act as a loading dock where the brain registers and temporarily holds the elements of a to-be-remembered episode—its smell, feel, sound, and location. Then, like older files shifted to a basement storeroom, memories migrate for storage elsewhere. This storage process is called

Answer 27

memory consolidation

Question 28

Implicit memory formation needs the ______. Without it people cannot develop certain conditioned reflexes, such as associating a tone with an impending puff of air—and thus do not blink in anticipation of the puff

Answer 28

cerebellum

Question 29

The ___ receive input from the cortex but do not return the favor of sending information back to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural learning.

Answer 29

basal ganglia

Question 30

Our emotions trigger___ hormones that influence memory formation. When we are excited or stressed, these hormones make more glucose energy available to fuel brain activity, signaling the brain that something important is happening. ___ hormones focus memory

Answer 30

stress

Question 31

Stress provokes the ___ (two limbic system, emotion-processing clusters) to initiate a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas

Answer 31

amygdala

Question 32

____ produce tunnel vision memory. They focus our attention and recall on high priority information, and reduce our recall of irrelevant details

Answer 32

Emotional events

Question 33

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Answer 33

flashbulb memory

Question 34

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.

Answer 34

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 35

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response. an implicit, invisible memory, without your conscious awareness.

Answer 35

priming

Question 36

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it. Our memories are context-dependent, and are affected by the cues we have associated with that context.

Answer 36

encoding specificity principle

Question 37

What we learn in one state—be it drunk or sober—may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

Answer 37

state-dependent memory.

Question 38

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Answer 38

mood congruent

Question 39

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list. They briefly recalled the last items especially quickly and well (a recency effect), perhaps because those last items were still in working memory. But after a delay, when their attention was elsewhere, their recall was best for the first items (a primacy effect

Answer 39

serial position effect

Question 40

an inability to form new memories.

Answer 40

anterograde amnesia

Question 41

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

Answer 41

retrograde amnesia

Question 42

_______ occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information. If you buy a new combination lock, your well-rehearsed old combination may interfere with your retrieval of the new one.

Answer 42

proactive interference

Question 43

occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information. If someone sings new lyrics to the tune of an old song, you may have trouble remembering the original words.

Answer 43

retroactive interference

Question 44

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Answer 44

repress

Question 45

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Answer 45

reconsolidation

Question 46

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event.

Answer 46

misinformation effect

Question 47

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. (Also called source misattribution. ) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Answer 47

source amnesia (source misattribution)

Question 48

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Answer 48

deja vu

Question 49

memory research findings suggest the following strategies for improving memory

Answer 49

rehearse, make material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize proactive and retroactive interference, sleep more, test your knowledge.