reading quiz 2 Flashcards
(24 cards)
___ forms associations between stimuli (a CS and the US it signals). It also involves respondent behavior—automatic responses to a stimulus (such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to a tone).
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
operant conditioning
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
law of effect
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
operant chamber (skinner’s box)
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
reinforcement
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
shaping
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
discriminative stimulus
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
negative reinforcement
any consequence that strengthens behavior.
reinforcement
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
primary reinforcers
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
conditioned reinforcers
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
reinforcement scheduales
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
continued reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
fixed ratio scheduales
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
variable-ratio scedules
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
fixed interval schedules
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
variable-interval schedules
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.
punishment
insisted that external influences, not internal thoughts and feelings, shape behavior.
skinner
insisted that external influences, not internal thoughts and feelings, shape behavior.
skinner
school, sports, at work, parenting, self-improvement, manage stress
applications of operant conditioning
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
biofeedback
