COM- motor and sensory nerves

Question 1

What is faster a myelinated axon or unmyelinated

Answer 1

myelinated due to the jump in flow

Question 2

what is velocity is desire - low or high

Answer 2

high

Question 3

what is space constant

Answer 3

how far it goes before it decays

Question 4

what is time constant

Answer 4

how fast the voltage travels before it decays

Question 5

what determines a velocity of nueron

Answer 5

space and time constant

Question 6

equation for conduction veloicty

Answer 6

space constant over time constant

Question 7

time constant needs to be low - what determins this

Answer 7

capacitance and resistance

Question 8

what is capacitance

Answer 8

the tendency of membranes to store electric charge

Question 9

what is more important time or space c.

Answer 9

space

Question 10

space constant is equal to what

Answer 10

medial resistance over the longitudinal resistance

Question 11

big space constant is desired - by having what

Answer 11

a high medial resistance and longitudinal resistance

Question 12

the voltage over time will

Answer 12

decay

Question 13

Velocity is proportional to the number of what

Answer 13

space constant over time constant

Question 14

anything that increases space or reduces time velocity will what

Answer 14

increase conduction velocity

Question 15

what is the fastest a neuronal conduction is

Answer 15

120m

Question 16

Resting membrane potential is what

Answer 16

the difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell

Question 17

The what allows pottasium and sodium to flow through

Answer 17

ion channel

Question 18

what 2 ions flow in resting membrane potential

Answer 18

sodium and potassium

Question 19

what effect takes place for pottasium

Answer 19

osmosis- highly concentrated to lowly concentrated

Question 20

osmosis causes what to potassium

Answer 20

potassium to flow to the outside of the cell

Question 21

potassium are high in intercellular - what kind of permeable and for what

Answer 21

permeable only for potassium

Question 22

when the potassium leaves through the channels - what is caused

Answer 22

a build-up of positive eletrical charge outside the cell

Question 23

the force of the charge build up is osmotic - and ends up being …

Answer 23

in equilibrium

Question 24

positive charge coats the inside and negative coats

Answer 24

the outside in resting state of neuron

Question 25

tendency of neurons firing using AP depends on what

Answer 25

the difference of voltage between inside and outside

Question 26

the neuron using hyperpolarization and polarization will depend on what

Answer 26

weather the neuron will fire or not

Question 27

depolarsation will result in

Answer 27

more likely to fire

Question 28

hyperpolarization will result in

Answer 28

less likely to fire

Question 29

the brain will decide what when firing neurons

Answer 29

what to fire or not

Question 30

what amount of K and NA is needed for a molecule of ATP

Answer 30

2k+ and 3 NA+

Question 31

What is the sodium potassium pump

Answer 31

energy dependent process of a neuron which results in K on the inside - setting a baseline for future firing

Question 32

why does the brain use glucose

Answer 32

making atp for the sodium and potassium pump for neurons

Question 33

how does action potential work

Answer 33

The voltage-gated ion channel embedded on the neuron - the channel opens or closes gate - depending on electrical charge ac ross the channel for sodium and potassium gates

Question 34

What are the 3 states for sodium gates

Answer 34

resting channel which is closed , depolarized cell to threshold which can open and an inactive state / unresponsive

Question 35

what are 2 states for sodium channels

Answer 35

resting / closed and depolarized

Question 36

what are the 7 steps in AP positive feedback cycle

Answer 36

cell membrane depolarized,/ depolarization + NA channels open/ Na influx for more depolarization/ adjacent NA channels open / meanwhile k channels open slower causing K to flow out/ repolarizing the membrane and closing the sodium channels and becoming inactive

Question 37

what is the difference in speed for k and na

Answer 37

sodium is quicker

Question 38

differences between NA and K

Answer 38

permeability differs, sodium is quicker and is more permeable, pottasium is slower and effect is delayed -

Question 39

what is the resting potential

Answer 39

-60/70 millivolts

Question 40

AP is unidirectional - true or false

Answer 40

true

Question 41

why is AP unidirectional / orthodromic

Answer 41

to stop channels reopening

Question 42

temperature increases AP and

Answer 42

conduction veloicty

Question 43

bigger diameter in neurons positively effects

Answer 43

Capacitance and decrease the medial resistance which affects conduction velocity

Question 44

bigger diameter of neurons will increase the ..

Answer 44

speed of neurons

Question 45

what does myelin do

Answer 45

insulate the axon

Question 46

what is myelin made of

Answer 46

swan cells

Question 47

what does myelin do

Answer 47

stops leaking, increases medial resistance

Question 48

in myelinated axons, the AP is only occurs at the nodes - what kind of flow under their own voltage

Answer 48

passive ionic flow

Question 49

what do the nodes do in myelinated axons

Answer 49

amplify the voltage to speed up conduction

Question 50

passive flow is .... than amplified voltage in nodes of myelinated axons

Answer 50

slower

Question 51

artificial stimulation is used by using a cathode to depolarize a muscle in the peripheral neurons

Answer 51

black cathode to stimulate nerve and muscle

Question 52

anodal block is when

Answer 52

a neuron is deactivated after stimulation or too much stimulation

Question 53

what is EMG

Answer 53

electromyogram / electromyography

Question 54

what is EMG

Answer 54

Electromyography is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity in muscles.

Question 55

what is the 4 basic events in muscle contraction

Answer 55

AP stimulates the release of the Neurotransmitter across the NM junction/ AP spreads across sarcolemma/ muscle membrane and into fiber along T tubules ( this is the EMG signal) / causes calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium binds to muscle and causes cross-bridge cycling.

Question 56

what is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Answer 56

the motor unit and it is innervated part of the muscle

Question 57

what is one action potential in a muscle

Answer 57

one twitch

Question 58

what happens when there is more than 1 action potential to a muscle

Answer 58

more twitches until it is too many and they all merge

Question 59

higher frequency in twitches means what

Answer 59

how many the motor unit is firing

Question 60

Twitch fusion is the concept of what

Answer 60

A high frequency of twitches which transitions into one big smooth contraction - this can and will result in more force from recruiting more fibres and a higher frequency