hearing Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what is sound
A
alternating waveforms consisting of compression and refraction of air molecules
2
Q
what is a sound wave
A
sound varies depending in how dense the air is
3
Q
what 3 things can you use to define sound
A
wavelength, velocity and frequency
4
Q
what is pitch discrimination
A
a concept in which the ears and the brain disassociate different frequencies to hear sounds and not jut one noise
5
Q
what is the equation for wavelength
A
wavelength = velocity /frequency
6
Q
what is wavelength
A
the distance between each trough
7
Q
what is wavelength unit
A
lander
8
Q
what is frequency aka ….
A
pitch
9
Q
what is the sound amplitude ratio
A
intensity in decibels = 10log 10 intensity of unknown / intensity of standard
10
Q
what is the amplitude of a sound
A
aka decibel
11
Q
what is the mean threshold of hearing
A
10^-12 Wm^-2
12
Q
how do you find out the intensity in decibels
A
multiply by log base 10
13
Q
what is the standard
A
is the sound in which u can first hear- low unit (watts per square meter )
14
Q
range of human hearing will differ t or f
A
t
15
Q
what is range of frequency for human hearing
A
20 -20000hz/ 20khz
16
Q
what is the threshold frequency?
A
20hz
17
Q
what frequency is the rumbling with your fingers in your ears
A
25hz
18
Q
music is what frequency
A
44khz- so you can hear it clearly at 20hz
19
Q
140 decibels can cause what
A
damage - even if short
20
Q
what decreases as you get older
A
auditory hair cells
21
Q
lack of hair cells impacts what
A
higher frequencies
22
Q
what do we call hearing loss
A
Prebycusis
23
Q
what are the 3 basic parts of the ear
A
inner, outer and middle
24
Q
ears can what sound
A
discriminate
25
what is the bone above the outer ear
temporal
26
where is the ear drum located
outer canal
27
which part does the work in the ear
inner - needs movement to move
28
the sound goes through the tunnel, strikes the air drum which strikes the bones in the middle ear which then
bones strike the cochlea and the sound moves through fluid
29
why wouldnt not having the middle ossical bones work
due to the fluid - it allows movement back and forwards - if rigid it wouldnt move - allowing flexibility -
30
what is the membrane inside the inner ear
basilar membrane
31
what are the 3 bones in the ears
malleus, incus, stapes
32
the middle ear acts as a
lever
33
the middle ear lever converts high amplitude and low force motion into...
low amplitude and high force motion at the oval window
34
what is impedance matching mechanism
the process of matching the impedance within the middle ear
35
what would happen if the bone was connected directly to the oval window
The sound would stop dead due to high amplitudes moving with temperature
36
which bone is connected to the tympanic membrane
malleus
37
stapes - smallest bone in the body connected to
the oval window
38
what is the stapedius reflex
the contract of the muscles - tensor tympani, stapedius - pull stapes away from the oval window
39
the stapedius reflex decreases what
transmission of energy to cochlea
40
the strapedius reflex occurs in response to what
loud noise
41
what is the main job of the strapedius reflex
help prevent ear damage
42
what are the 3 chambers in the inner ear
3 scaley
vestibuli, media (middle) tympani
43
how do you transduce that motion into a neural signal
through the organ of corti
44
where is the organ of corti
in the media channel
45
what nerve is connected to organ of corti
auditory nerve
46
what are the 2 hair cells in the organ of corti
inner hair sensation and outer hair motors
47
what are the 2 hair cells in the organ of corti connected to
the tectorial membrane
48
what do vestibular hair cells detect
physical motion
49
auditory hair detect what
physical motion
50
what causes the basilar membrane to move
the fluid moving in the vestibular and tympani
51
what activates the hair cells
the movement from the cochlea in the vestibule and tympani movement which will effect the tectorial membrane and the hair cells
52
what are the two hair cells inhibition
stereocilia and kinocilium
53
which hair cell inhibit of transmission release
stereocilia
54
which hair cell activates transmitter release
kinocilium
55
what is pitch place theory
56
how does the basilar membrane oscillation vary- pitch place theory
due to the size of the channel - it gets smaller the length gets longer- due to mechanics - high frequency at entrance by oval
57
pitch place theory is
pitch / freqency varies along different places
58
what is Fourier analyser
math technique - breaks down repetitive wave form into a series of waves with amplitudes and phases
59
the ear acts as a what
Fourier analyser - it decomposes time based sound signals into frequency (decreasing hz)
60
how does the ear fourier
the membrane breaks up the sound and decreases the frequency as it goes down the further distance
61
active undampening / positive feedback outer hair cells
the sound moving through the cell and reverse it back
62
why is discriminating noise important for humans
because we communicate through speech
63
the loudness of fewquency can be adjusted to get what
the same effect - through contours
64
what is an audio gram
A graph that shows hearing loss and a record produced by auditory- can see peoples threshold of hearing
65
hearing loss can be caused by what
loud noises, long term loud nosie or one big burst depedning on frequency and loudness
66
auditory pathway
what is the main part of the brain for hearing
primary auditory cortex
67
what is the brain primary auditory cortex connected too
cochlea
68
what is the superior olive
brainstem
69
latencies on eeg can indicate what
how far the cochlea is
70
where is the auditory cortex
in the temporal
71
what 2 areas of speech can we identify?
Brocas speech and Wernickes speech-in frontal lobe
72
what role do werkines and broca -
understanding (W) and generation speech ( b)
73
stroke can impact the speech why
damage to b r w can impacting speaking
74
what does broca impact
making speech
75
what does wernicke impact
speech interpretation
76
where are the b and w for speech
cerebral cortex
77
range is ..
distance
78
what is bearing
azimuth and elevation
up or down , left or right - or angle of direction
79
cocktail party effect is important why
to differentiate background and frontal noise and speech
80
what cues help when listening
lip reading, visual, reading- sound localisation is key tho
81
distances impact sound localisation because of ..
frequency changes
82
judging distance what things will effect this
frequency , echos, expectation, timbre/ bass travels best, silibants worst, reverb
83
judging direction is what 3 things
intra aural,- timing n
intra aural volume and specttral colouring - by head and pinna
84
Intra-aural volume distances
ILD
better for what frequency sounds
high
85
you head does what to sound
attenuating
86
far away speech is what
more bassey
87
sibilants are what
attenuated
88
timing differences
distance effects sound in terms of what example
closer the source to which- inter aural timing difference- ear is where it will reach first
89
jeffress theory - superior olive in brainstem where sound will...
arrive first
90
the neurons in superior olive act as a
coincidence detector
91
what is a phase difference
when the peak of wave hits the ear at a different time as the trough hits the other ear due to the position of how the waves hit the head- continuous sound
92
how does head size matter
big head = large distance for wave length to hit both ears
93
how does animals use timing or loudness differently
elephant - distant bc of bigger head and smaller loudness relies on distance for predators
94
cone of confusion is what
sound
effects you from the front and back as they strike ears at the same time rather left to right more commonly but nt impossible for left to right - physics of the head
95
bobbing head shows what
trying to use cone of confusion
96
big ears can help with sound waves how
cone shape pick up more sound- active pinna to funnel noise in the ear
97
what is binural microphone
asmr double micorphones
98
sound with narrow bands of frequency and gradual onsets are hard to..
localize
99
auditory reaction times average is what time
140-160ms
100
visual reaction is slower by how many average
20-40ms - 160-200ms
101
sound takes .... per meter
3ms
102
higher frequency means a faster reaction t or f
f
103
startle reponse is what
flexion of shoulder, protective - response to loud noise
104
startle may impact reaction time and decrease reaction time t or f
t - moot point
