Combank 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of murmurs occur in at least 80% of normal infants and children and what are the two most common?

A

Innocent murmurs

Stills most most common and venous hum is second most common

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2
Q

Where do you hear a stills murmur and where do you hear a venous hum? Also, what 3 things increase the stills murmur?

A

Left lower sternal border, increases supine with fever and anemia
Just under clavicle, basically right over the internal jugular

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3
Q

What are the top 3 bacteria causing pneumonia in neonates?

A

Group b strep, gram negative bacilli, and list mono

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4
Q

What is the empiric treatment for pneumonia in neonates?

A

IV ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxamine

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5
Q

Why is ceftriaxone not indicated in neonates?

A

It can displace bilirubin

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6
Q

What are the two most common cardiovascular malformations in patients with Turner syndrome?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of aorta

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7
Q

Patients with functional or anatomic asplenia are at risk for infection with what organism?

A

Encapsulated organisms such as strep pneumonia

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia in children?

A

Strep pneumonia

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of acute viral bronchiolitis in children?

A

RSV

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10
Q

What is the mainstay of treatment for acute viral bronchiolitis?

A

Supportive care only

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11
Q

How do you treat test spells of tetralogy of fallout and what is the mechanism of the treatment?

A

Put the baby in a squatting position because it will increase systemic vascular resistance and decrease the amount of right to left shunting

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12
Q

What is the first line treatment for Pertussis infection, 2 options?

A

Macrolide
Azithromycin for 5 days for both patient and family
Clarithromycin, for 7 days

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13
Q

What are the most common congenital heart defects in children with Down syndrome and give an example?

A

Endocardial cushion defects.
AV septal defects (secundum most common) that include the av valves that can present with systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border

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14
Q

What age group do we most commonly find retropharyngeal abscess and patients commonly have a history of what?

A

Less than 4

Upper respiratory, throat or ear infection

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15
Q

What are the two most common pathogens causing retropharyngeal abscess?
4 symptoms?

A

Strep and staph

Fever, drooling, neck stiffness or torticollis, respiratory distress

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16
Q

What is the most common kind of VSD and what is the age rang of finally detecting the VSD?

A

Perimembranous (VSDs are the most common congenital heart defect, so this type then is considered the most common congenital heart defect)

Day 4-10

17
Q

Ebstein anomaly affects what two heart structures and can lead to what 4 heart conditions?

A

Tricuspid valve leaflets and right ventricle

Hypoplastic right ventricle, enlarged right atrium, tricuspid regurgitation, redundant anterior tricuspid valve leaflet

18
Q

Most patients with ebstein anomaly also have what?

A

ASD

19
Q

What is the most common cardiac valvular anomaly and what is the consequence of it?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

Aortic regurgitation

20
Q

2 clinical signs of PDA and what would you see on Doppler echo?

A

Bounding pulses, machine like murmur.

Retrograde color flow jet into the pulmonary artery

21
Q

What is the deletion for DiGeroge Syndrome and what is the congenital heart defect associated with it?

A

22q11.2

Tetralogy of fallot

22
Q

Coarctation of the aorta is commonly associated with what other two congenital heart conditions?
What are two symptoms to consider in coarctation of the aorta?

A

Bicuspid Aorta and PDA

Headaches and bloody noses

23
Q

In what setting do we see subgaleal hemorrhage?

3 things to remember about it?

A

Infants who require vacuum assist.

Crosses suture lines, grows slowly over the first day of life and can lead to hemorrhagic shock.

24
Q

What does the canker sore oral lesion look like?

A

Shallow ulceration with grayish base that is tender

25
Q

What is the most common pathogen causing neonatal conjunctivitis?
How do you treat it?

A

Chlamydia

Oral erythromycin

26
Q

Otitis media with effusion is a common complication of what and presents after what?
What is the first sign patients say they observe?
How do you treat it to prevent permanent hearing loss?

A

Complication of acute otitis media and presents several weeks to months after the acute infection
Hearing loss.
Tubes

27
Q

1 month old female has huge head and transillumination of the head is positive, what is it and explain the condition?

A

Hydrancephaly

Congential defect where the cerebellar hemispheres are replaced by fluid filled cavities.

28
Q

How do we define choanal atresia and what are 3 clinical signs?

A

Blockage or obliteration of the posterior nasal aperture.

Noisy breathing, cyanosis with feeding and inability to pass a small catheter through the nares.

29
Q

Do cephalohematomas cross suture lines?

A

No