Complete Terms Flashcards
1
Q
decrease in the seriousness of a disorder or in the severity of pain and other symptoms
A
abatement
2
Q
area between the diaphragm and the pelvis
A
abdomen
3
Q
cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large instestine
A
abdominal cavity
4
Q
first aid procedure for choking (Heimlich)
A
abdominal thrust maneuver
5
Q
inferior component of the ventral body cavity
A
abdominopelvic cavity
6
Q
movement away from the midline
A
abduction
7
Q
premature loss or removal of an embryo or nonviable fetus
A
abortion
8
Q
localized collection of pus and liquefied tissue in a cavity
A
abscess
9
Q
taking up of liquids by cells of the skin or mucous membranes
A
absorption
10
Q
metabolic state in which ingested nutrients are being taken up by the blood or lymph from the GI tract
A
absorptive state
11
Q
duct of the pancreas that empties into the duodenum
A
accessory duct (duct of Santorini)
12
Q
change in the curvature of the eye lens to adjust for vision at various distances
A
accommodation
13
Q
rounded cavity on the external surface of the hip bone that receives the head
A
acetabulum
14
Q
neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction
A
acetylcholine
15
Q
pH less than 7
A
acid
16
Q
condition where blood pH is between 7.35 and 6.80
A
acidosis
17
Q
masses of cells in the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes
A
acini
18
Q
inflammation of sebaceous glands that begins at puberty
A
acne
19
Q
acne lesions in order of severity
A
comdones, papules, pustules, cysts
20
Q
pertaining to sound or hearing
A
acoustic
21
Q
deficiency of helper T cells
A
AIDS
22
Q
hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood
A
acromegaly
23
Q
dense granule in the head of a spermatozoa that contains enzymes that facilitate the penetration into an ovum
A
acrosome
24
Q
contractile protein that makes up thin filaments in muscle fibers
A
actin
25
wave of negativity that self-propagates along the outside surface of the membrane of a neuron
action potential
26
movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
active transport
27
clearness, sharpness (vision)
acuity
28
insertion of a needle into a tissue for the purpose of drawing fluid or relieving pain
acupuncture
29
rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short course
acute
30
adjustment of the pupil to light variations
adaptation
31
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids causing muscle weakness, mental lethargy, weight loss, low blood pressure, and dehydration
Addison's disease
32
movement towards the midline
adduction
33
anterior portion of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
34
pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
35
energy-carrying molecule manufactured in all living cells as a way to capture and store energy
adenosine triphosphate
36
enzyme in the postsynaptic membrane that is activated when certain neurotransmitters bind in its active site, converts ATP into cyclic AMP
adenylate cyclase
37
firm contact between the plasma membrane of a phagocyte and an antigen
adherence
38
abnormal joining of two parts to each other
adhesion
39
fat cell
adipocyte
40
outer portion of the adrenal gland, divided into three portions
adrenal cortex
41
two glands superior to each kidney
adrenal glands
42
inner portion of the adrenal gland that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
43
nerve fiber that release norepinephrine at a synapse when stimulated
adrenergic fiber
44
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
45
hormone secreted by the pineal gland that may stimulate aldosterone secretion
adrenoglomerulotropin
46
outermost covering of a structure or organ
adventitia
47
requiring oxygen
aerobic
48
blood vessel of the kidney that breaks up into the capillary network called a glomerulus
afferent arteriole
49
neuron that carries an impulse toward the central nervous system
afferent neuron
50
persistence of a sensation even though the stimulus has been removed
afterimage
51
clumping of microorganisms or blood corpuscles, typically antigen/antibody reaction
agglutination
52
aggregated lymph nodules that are most numerous in the ileum
aggregated lymphatic follicles
53
progressive failure of the body's homeostatic mechanisms
aging
54
loss of the ability to recognize the meaning of stimuli from various senses
agnosia
55
inability to write
agraphia
56
abnormal partial or total absence of pigment from the skin, hair, and eyes
albinism
57
most abundant and smallest of the plasma proteins, functions to regulate osmotic pressure of plasma
albumin
58
albumin in the urine
albuminuria
59
mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that brings about sodium and water reabsorption
aldosterone
60
condition caused by hypersecretion of aldosterone characterized by muscle paralysis, high blood pressure, and edema
aldosteronism
61
pertaining to nutrition
alimentary
62
pH of more than 7
alkaline
63
condition in which blood pH is between 7 and 8
alkalosis
64
small vascularized membrane between the chorion and amnion of the fetus
allantois
65
antigen that evokes a hypersensitivity reaction
allergen
66
sensitive to an allergen
allergic
67
muscle fibers of a motor unit contract to their fullest extent or not at all
all or none principle
68
cell in the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon
alpha cell
69
receptor found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons
alpha receptor
70
disorder caused by decreased levels of alveolar PO2 as altitude increases
altitude sickness
71
structure in the lungs consisting of the alveolar wall and basement membrane and a capillary endothelium and basement membrane
alveolar-capillary membrane
72
branch of respiratory bronchiole around which alveoli and alveolar sacs are arranged
alveolar duct
73
cell found in the alveolar walls of the lungs that is highly phagcytic
aveolar macrophage (dust cell)
74
collection of alveoli that share a common opening
aveolar sac
75
small hollow or cavity; air sac in the lungs; milk-secreting portion of a mammary gland
alveolus
76
disabling neurological disorder characterized by dysfunction and death of specific cerebral neurons resulting in memory impairment
Alzheimer's disease
77
absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
78
organic acid that is the basic unit of proteins
amino acid
79
lack or loss of memory
amnesia
80
removal of amniotic fluid by inserting a needle into the amniotic cavity
amniocentesis
81
innermost fetal membrane, thin transparent sac that holds the fetus suspended in fluid
amnion
82
articulation midway between diarthrosis and synarthrosis, in which the articulating bony surfaces are separated by an elastic substance to which both are attached so that mobility is slight but multidirectional
amphiarthrosis
83
saclike dilation of a canal
ampulla
84
progressive neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration of motor cells in the spinal cord
amyotrophic
85
synthetic energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones
anabolism
86
not requiring oxygen
anaerobic
87
terminal 2 to 3 centimeters of the rectum
anal canal
88
longitudinal fold in the mucous membrane of the anal canal that contains a network of arteries and veins
anal column
89
absence of normal pain
analgesia
90
subdivision of the perineum that contains the anus
anal triangle
91
accelerated production of antibodies upon a subsequent exposure to an antigen after the initial exposure
anamnestic response
92
third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids that have been separated move to opposite poles
anaphase
93
hypersensitivity reaction that brings about blood permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and increased mucus production
anaphlyaxis
94
end to end union of blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves
anastomosis
95
position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions, arms at the side, palms facing outward
anatomical position
96
study of structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other
anatomy
97
substance producing or stimulating male characteristics
androgen
98
below normal number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
anemia
99
total or partial loss of feeling
anesthesia
100
saclike enlargement of blood vessel caused by a weakening of its wall
aneurysm
101
pain in the chest related to reduced coronary circulation
angina pectoris
102
x-ray examination of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance into the common carotid artery
angiography
103
either of two forms of a protein association with regulation of blood pressure
angiotensin
104
negatively charged ion
anion
105
restriction of tongue movements by a short frenulum
ankyloglossis
106
abnormality
anomaly
107
defect of vision
anopsia
108
loss of appetite and strange eating patterns
anorexia nervosa
109
loss of the sense of smell
anosmia
110
deficiency of oxygen
anoxia
111
muscle that has an action opposite that of the agonist and yields to the agonist
antagonist
112
before childbirth
antepartum
113
near to the front of the body
anterior
114
structure composed of axons of motor fibers that emerges from the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and extends laterally to join a posterior root, forming a spinal nerve
anterior root
115
chemical produced by a microorganism that is able to inhibit or kill another organism
anitbiotic
116
substance produced by certain cells in the presence of a specific antigen that combines with the antigen to destroy it
antibody
117
substance that prevents, suppresses, or delays the clotting of blood
anticoagulant
118
substance that inhibits urine formation
antidiuretic
119
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles
antidiuretic hormone
120
substance that when introduced into the tissues or blood induces the formation of antibodies or reacts with them
antigen
121
ring of fibrous tissue and cartilage that encircles the pulpy substance of an intervertebral disk
anulus fibrosus
122
daily urine output of less than 50 ml
anuria
123
distal end of the digestive system
anus
124
main systemic trunk of the arterial system of the body, emerges from the left ventricle
aorta
125
receptor on or near the arch of the aorta that responds to alterations in blood levels of oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions
aortic body
126
reflex concerned with maintaining normal general systemic blood pressure
aortic reflex
127
loss of ability to communication through speech
aphasia
128
procedure in which blood is removed from the body, components are selectively separated, the undesired component is removed, and the remainder, and the remainder is returned to the body
apheresis
129
temporary cessation of breathing
apnea
130
portion of the respiratory center in the pons that sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate and prolong inspiration and inhibit expiration
apneustic area
131
type of gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off to become the secretion
apocrine gland
132
sheetlike layer of dense, regularly arranged connective tissue joining one muscle with another or bone
aponeurosis
133
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis
134
growth due to surface deposition of material, as in the growth in diameter of cartilage and bone
appositional growth
135
watery fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye
aqueous humor
136
middle of the meninges of the brain
arachnoid layer
137
berrylike tuft of arachnoid that protrudes into the superior sagittal sinus and through which the CSF enters the bloodstream
arachnoid villus
138
treelike appearance of the white matter of the cerebellum when seen in the midsagittal section
arbor vitae
139
most superior portion of the aorta
arch of the aorta
140
without reflexes
areflexia
141
pigmented ring around the nipple or the breast, or tiny opening
areola
142
portion of the upper extremity from the shoulder to the elbow
arm
143
smooth muscles attached to hairs, contraction results in goose bumps
arrector pili
144
irregular heart rhythm
arrhythmia
145
roentgenogram of an artery after injection of a radiopaque substance into the blood
arteriogram
146
small arterial branch that delivers blood to a capillary
arteriole
147
blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
artery
148
inflammation of a joint
arthritis
149
study of joints
arthrology
150
process of viewing a joint
arthroscopy
151
sleevelike structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane
articular capsule
152
hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces
articular cartilage
153
fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces of bones and some synovial joints (meniscus)
articular disc
154
where two bones join
articulation
155
deposition of seminal fluid within the vagina or cervix by artifical means
artificial insemination
156
device that generates and delivers electrical signals to the heart to maintain a regular rhythm
artificial pacemaker
157
small cartilages of the larynx that articulate with the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
158
portion of the large intestine that passes upward from the cecum to the lower edge of the liver where it bends at the hepatic flexure to become the transverse colon
ascending colon
159
serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
160
free from infectious material
aseptic
161
unconsciousness due to interference with the oxygen supply of the blood
asphyxia
162
remove by suction
aspirate
163
portion of the cerebral cortex connected by many motor and sensory fibers to other parts of the cortex
association area
164
nerve cell lying completely within the CNS that carries impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
association neuron
165
inability to recognize objects or forms by touch
astereognosis
166
lack or loss of strength
asthenia
167
irregularity of the lens or cornea, causing images to be blurry
astigmatism
168
neuroglial cell have a star shap that supports neurons in the brain and attached neurons to blood vessels
astrocyte
169
lack of muscular coordination
ataxia
170
collapsed or airless state of all of part of the lung
atelecstasis
171
fatty substance deposited on the walls of arteries
atherosclerosis
172
unit of matter that comprises a chemical element, consists of nucleus and electrons
atom
173
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
atomic weight
174
abnormal closure of a passage
atresia
175
asynchronous contraction of the atria that results in cessation of atrial pumping
atrial fibrillation
176
portion of the conduction system that is split into right and left bundle branches (bundle of His)
atrioventricular bundle
177
portion of the conduction system that is made up of a compact mass of conduction cells located near the orifice of the coronary sinus in the right atrial wall
atrioventricular node
178
superior chamber of the heart
atrium
179
wasting away, decrease in size
atrophy
180
one of the three small bone of the ear: malleus, incus, or stapes
auditory ossicle
181
tube that connects the middle ear with the nose and nasopharynx of the throat (Eustachian tube)
auditory tube
182
outer ear or appendage of the cardiac atria
auricle
183
listening to body sounds
auscultation
184
immune response against one's own body
autoimmunity
185
spontaneous self-destruction of cells by their own digestive enzymes
autolysis
186
cluster of sympathetic or parasympathetic cell bodies located outside the CNS
autonomic ganglion
187
visceral efferent neurons that transmit impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
autonomic nervous system
188
extensive network of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers: cardiac, celiac, and pelvic
autonomic plexus
189
examination of a body after death
autopsy
190
automatic adjustment of blood flow in a given region of the body in response to tissue needs
autoregulation
191
any chromosome excluding sex chromosomes
autosome
192
deficiency of a vitamin in the diet
avitaminosis
193
small hollow beneath the arm (armpit)
axilla
194
process of a nerve cell that carries an impulse away from the cell body
axon
195
terminal branch of an axon and its collateral
axon terminal
196
extension of the great toe in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot, normal up to 1.5 years
Babinski sign
197
posterior part of the body
back
198
increased heart rate that follows increased pressure or distention of the right atrium
Bainbridge reflex
199
synovial joint in which the rounded surface of one bone moves within a cup-shaped depression of another bone
ball and socket joint
200
nerve cell capable of responding to changes in blood pressure
baroreceptor
201
rate of metabolism measured under standard conditions
basal metabolic rate
202
paired clusters of cell bodies that make up the central gray matter in the cerebrum
basal ganglia
203
broadest part of a pyramidal structure, or pH more than 7
base
204
thin extracellular layer consisting of basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and reticular lamina secreted by connective tissue cells
basement membrane
205
membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani and on which the organ of Corti rests
basilar membrane
206
white blood cell characterized by a pale nucleus and granules, stains dark purple
basophil
207
lymphocyte that develops into a plasma cell that produces antibodies or a memory cell
B cell
208
abdomen, gaster, prominent, fleshy part
belly
209
non-cancerous
benign
210
cell in the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin
beta cell
211
receptor found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons; stimulation leads to inhibition
beta receptors
212
AV valve on the left side of the heart
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
213
having two branches
bifurcate
214
pertaining to both sides of the body
bilateral
215
secretion of the liver that emulsifies fats
bile
216
gallstones formed by the crystallization of cholesterol in bile
biliary calculi
217
red pigment that is one of the end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver cells
bilirubin
218
excessive levels of bilirubin in the urine
bilirubinuria
219
green pigment that is one of the first products of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver cells, converted to bilirubin or excreted as waste
biliverdin
220
process by which an individual gets constant signals about various body functions
biofeedback
221
removal of tissue for examination
biopsy
222
fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst
blastocel
223
hollow ball of cells, development of an embryo, forming cell
blastocyst
224
one of the cells resulting from the cleavage of the fertilized ovum
blastomere
225
early stage in the development of a zygote
blastula
226
time required for cessation of bleeding from a small skin puncture; from 4 to 8 minutes
bleeding time
227
spasm of the eyelids
blepharism
228
area in the retina at the end of the optic nerve in which there are no light receptor cells
blind spot
229
fluid that circulates through the heart and body
blood
230
special mechanism that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the CSF and brain
blood brain barrier
231
isolated mass and cord of mesenchyme in the mesoderm from which blood vessels develop
blood island
232
force exerted by blood against the arteries
blood pressure
233
systemic veins that contain large amounts of blood that can be quickly moved to parts requiring blood
blood reservoir
234
barrier formed by sustentacular cells that prevents an immune response against antigens produced by spermatozoa and developing cells by isolating the cells from the blood
blood testis barrier
235
space within the body that contains various organs
body cavity
236
soft rounded mass of food that is swallowed
bolus
237
series of cavities within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, forming the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals of the inner ear
bony labyrinth
238
slow heartbeat
bradycardia
239
network of nerve fibers of the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
brachial plexus
240
mass of nervous tissue located inside the cranium
brain
241
noninvasive procedure that measures and displays the electrical activity of the brain,used to diagnose epilepsy
brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM)
242
calcium deposits in the pineal gland laid at puberty
brain sand
243
portion of the brain immediately superior to the spinal cord, made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
brain stem
244
motor area of the brain in the frontal lobe that translates thoughts into speech
Broca's area
245
branches of the respiratory passageway
bronchi
246
allergic reaction characterized by smooth muscle spasms in bronchi resulting in wheezing
bronchial asthma
247
trachea, bronchi, and their branching structures
bronchial tree
248
loss of normal tissue and expansion of lung air passages
bronchiectasis
249
branch of a tertiary bronchus dividing into terminal bronchioles
bronchiole
250
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchitis
251
cancer originating in the bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
252
x-ray of the lungs and bronchi
bronchogram
253
smaller division of a lobe of a lung supplied by its own branches of a bronchus
bronchopulmonary segment
254
instrument used to examine the interior of the bronchi of the lungs
bronchoscope
255
one of the two large branches of the trachea
bronchus
256
pertaining to the cheek
buccal
257
pair of chemicals, a weak acid and a weak base, that resist changes in pH
buffer system
258
expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum
bulb of penis
259
pair of glands located inferior to the prostate gland on either side of the urethra that secrete alkaline fluid
bulbourethral glands
260
disorder characterized by uncontrollable overeating followed by forced vomiting or laxatives
bulimia
261
blisters beneath or within the epidermis
bullae
262
two branches of the atrioventricular bundle made of specialized muscle fibers that transmit electrical impulses to the ventricles
bundle branch
263
lateral deviation of the great toe that produces inflammation and thickening of the bursa
bunion
264
injury caused by heat
burn
265
sac of synovial fluid located at friction points
bursa
266
inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
267
two fleshy masses on the posterior side of the lower trunk
buttocks
268
state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting away
cachexia
269
tendon at the back of the heel (Achilles tendon)
calcaneal tendon
270
hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
271
stone of crystallized material formed within the body
calculus
272
growth of new bone tissue in and around a fractured area
callus
273
unit of heat
calorie
274
cuplike division of the kidney pelvis
calyx
275
small canal in bones
canaliculus
276
malignant tumor of epithelial origin tending to spread
cancer
277
functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that allows them to fertilize an ovum
capacitation
278
microscopic blood vessel located between an arteriole and a venule through which materials are exchanged
capillary
279
organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbohydrate
280
hypoxia due to increased levels of carbon monoxide
carbon monoxide poisoning
281
substance that causes cancer
carcinogen
282
invasive procedure in which a catheter is introduced into a vein and threaded through blood vessels to reach the heart
cardiac catheterization
283
complete heartbeat
cardiac cycle
284
organ specialized for contraction, forms the wall of the heart
cardiac muscle
285
angular notch in the anterior border of the left lung
cardiac notch
286
volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in one minute
cardiac output
287
maximum percentage that cardiac output can increase above normal
cardiac reserve
288
compression of the heart due to excessive fluid or blood in the pericardial sac that could result in heart failure
cardiac tamponade
289
ligament of the uterus, extends laterally from the cervix
cardinal ligament
290
group of neurons in the medulla from which cardiac nerves arise, impulses release epinephrine, increases heart rate
cardioacceleratory center
291
group of neurons in the medulla from which parasympathetic fibers that reach the heart via the vagus nerve arise, impulses release acetylcholine, decreases heart rate
cardioinhibitory center
292
study of the heart
cardiology
293
technique used to restore life or consciousness to a person
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
294
receptor on or near the carotid sinus that responds to alterations in blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions
carotid body
295
dilated region of the internal carotid artery immediately above the bifurcation of the common carotid that contains receptors that monitor blood pressure
carotid sinus
296
reflex concerned with maintaining normal blood pressure
carotid sinus reflex
297
eight wrist bones
carpus
298
connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagenous and elastic fibers
cartilage
299
joint without a joint cavity where articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage
cartilaginous joint
300
small mass of hardened material formed within a cavity in the body and then discharged
cast
301
removal of the testes
castration
302
chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones with energy
catabolism
303
loss of transparency of the lens of the eye
cataract
304
tube that can be inserted into a body cavity through a canal or vessel, used to remove fluids and introduce medication
catheter
305
positively charged ion
cation
306
taillike collection of root of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal canal
cauda equina
307
pouch at the proximal end of the large intestine
cecum
308
basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
cell
309
lifeless, temporary, constituent in the cytoplasm of a cell, opposed to an organelle
cell inclusion
310
component of immunity in which specially sensitized T cells attach to antigens to destroy them
cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
311
calcified tissue covering the root of a tooth
cementum
312
area in the brain where a particular function is localized
center
313
area in the cartilage model of a future bone where the cartilage cells hypertrophy and secrete enzymes that result in the calcification of their matrix, resulting in death of the cartilage cells
center of ossification
314
circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone
central canal
315
cuplike depression in the center of the macula lutea of the retina, containing cones only
central fovea
316
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
317
paired cylindrical organelles within a centrosome, function in cell division
centrioles
