Component 1 Evidence Flashcards
(615 cards)
1
Q
What was the turnout for the 2016 Brexit referendum?
A
72%
2
Q
How many members does the Labour party have (February 2025)?
A
309,000
3
Q
How many members does the Conservative party have (November 2024)?
A
131,680
130,000
4
Q
How many times has the Recall of MPs Act been used since 2015?
A
6 times
5
Q
What percentage of petitions under the Recall of MPs Act have surpassed the 10% threshold?
A
66%
6
Q
In what year did MPs debate a petition on assisted dying after it gained over 203,000 signatures?
A
April 2024
7
Q
On what date was the euthanasia bill passed?
A
29th November 2024
8
Q
What is Switzerland’s ranking in the most democratic states globally?
A
8th
9
Q
What is the UK’s ranking in the most democratic states globally?
A
17th
10
Q
What is the average voter turnout in Switzerland for referendum style votes and Parliamentary elections?
A
Under 50%
11
Q
What was the UK voter turnout in 2019?
A
0.67
12
Q
What was the UK voter turnout in 2024?
A
0.6
13
Q
What was the turnout for the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014?
A
0.846
14
Q
What percentage voted Yes in the Scottish Independence Referendum?
A
0.447
15
Q
What percentage voted No in the Scottish Independence Referendum?
A
0.5529999999999999
16
Q
What was the turnout for the 2016 EU referendum?
A
0.72
17
Q
What is the average turnout for general elections in the UK?
A
Around 65%
18
Q
What was the turnout for the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement referendum?
A
0.81
19
Q
What was the average voter turnout in the UK between 1945 and 1997?
A
0.76
20
Q
What is the average voter turnout in the UK from 2000 onwards?
A
0.64
21
Q
What was the estimated total cost of the 2016 EU Referendum?
A
£150 million
22
Q
According to a 2015 Survation poll - what is the most common reason people don’t vote?
A
Not believing it will make a difference
23
Q
According to the electoral commission - what percentage of people were planning to vote tactically in the 2024 general election?
A
0.25
24
Q
According to the 2019 Hansard Audit for Political Engagement - what percentage of the electorate do not believe they have an influence in politics?
A
0.47
25
In which years was the 18-24 year olds turnout just above 50% and over 75s turnout above 80%?
2015 - 2017 - and 2019
26
What was the turnout for the Alternative Vote Referendum of 2011?
0.42
27
How much lower was the turnout for the Alternative Vote Referendum of 2011 compared to the 2010 election?
0.2
28
According to the ex-YouGov president in 2022 - why is the UK now pro-remain?
2m Brexit voters have died
29
In the 2017 GE - what percentage share of the ethnic minority vote did Labour win?
0.73
30
In the 2017 GE - what percentage share of the ethnic minority vote did Conservatives win?
0.19
31
How many of the most ethnically diverse constituencies in the UK did Labour win in the 2017 GE?
5/75
32
In March 2024 - what percentage of voters believed that the decision to leave the EU was the wrong choice?
0.57
33
How many signs did a 2019 petition on the gov e-petition website to revoke brexit get?
Over 6.4 million
34
How many votes did the Conservative MP win by in Redcar in the 2019 election?
3 - 527
35
How long has the seat of Bolsover been Labour since?
1950
36
How many members did Reform UK have in March 2024?
5000
37
How many members did Reform UK have in January 2025?
182 - 000+
38
In the 1990s - what was the estimated membership of the Conservative party?
400 - 000
39
What was the Conservative party membership in 2016?
Under 150 - 000
40
By how much has the voting within the age range of 18-24 between 1992 and 2015 fallen?
More than 50%
41
How many followers did Jeremy Corbyn have on Twitter?
2.5 million
42
How many followers did Nigel Farage have on Twitter?
2.2 million
43
How many members did the Labour Party lose between January and March 2024?
23 - 000
44
What act is the 2024 general election the first election called under?
Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
45
How many marchers were in the Palestinian crisis protests in London?
500 - 000
46
How many attempts did Nigel Farage make before being elected as an MP?
8
47
How many Reform UK candidates were elected?
5
48
How many votes did Reform UK gain in the 2024 general election?
4.1 million
49
What did the Supreme Court and the House of Lords try to interfere with?
The Rwanda Plan
50
In what year was major House of Lords reform rejected by the coalition government?
2012
51
In what year did the public vote against AV?
2011
52
What was the turnout of 16-17 year-olds in the Scottish Independence Referendum?
0.75
53
What percentage of 16-17 year-olds who voted in the Scottish Independence Referendum said they would vote again in the future?
0.97
54
What was the turnout of 18-24 year olds in the Scottish Independence Referendum?
0.54
55
What was the turnout of 25-34 year olds in the Scottish Independence Referendum?
0.72
56
In what year did the Isle of Man enfranchise 16 and 17-year-olds?
2006
57
What was the voter turnout among 16-17 year-olds in the Isle of Man in 2006?
0.55
58
What was the voter turnout among 16-17 year-olds in the Isle of Man in 2021?
0.46
59
According to research by Survation - what fraction of non-voters in 2010 would have been significantly 'more likely' to vote had there been an online voting option?
Two thirds
60
What fraction of all votes cast in the 2011 election in Estonia were made online?
Almost 1/4
61
In what year did the Conservative government set out the aim of defeating voter fraud by introducing voter ID?
2017
62
How many areas were voter ID trials conducted in 2018?
5
63
How many areas were voter ID trials conducted in 2019?
Ten
64
How many reported cases of voter fraud were there out of 45 million votes?
28
65
According to the Electoral Reform Society - how many people did not have access to ID?
Around 3.5 million
66
What percentage of the population did not have access to ID?
0.075
67
How many people were denied the vote during the voter ID trials in 2019?
750
68
Since what year has the Brazilian Electoral Tribunal allowed no testing of the country's electronic voting system?
2012
69
How many signatures does the Change.org e-petition about compensation for the post office scandal currently have?
570 - 000
70
How many signatures were collected in 2017 to stop president trump having a state visit?
Around 1.86 million
71
How many signatures did the Haaland petition get?
Around 2 million
72
According to YouGov (2015) - what percentage of the public believed all prisoners should be able to vote?
0.08
73
How many democracies worldwide currently have compulsory voting?
15
74
According to polling - what percentage of the British public agree that voting is a duty?
Over 70%
75
What percentage of the British public disagree that voting is a duty?
Fewer than 20%
76
In what year was the Great Reform Act passed?
1832
77
How many boroughs in England and Wales did the Great Reform Act disenfranchise?
56
78
How many boroughs in England and Wales did the Great Reform Act reduce to only one MP?
Another 31
79
How many new constituencies did the Great Reform Act create?
67
80
What did the Great Reform Act broaden?
The property qualification
81
To whom did the Great Reform Act give the vote?
Householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more
82
In what year was the Representation of the People Act (Second Reform Act) passed?
1867
83
To whom did the Representation of the People Act (Second Reform Act) give the vote?
Working class men
84
In what year was the Representation of the People Act passed that granted the right to vote to women over the age of 30?
1918
85
What was the property qualification for women to vote in the 1918 Representation of the People Act?
They met a property qualification
86
Who else was granted the right to vote in the 1918 Representation of the People Act?
All men over the age of 21
87
In what year was the Representation of the People Act (Equal Franchise Act) passed?
1928
88
What did the Representation of the People Act (Equal Franchise Act) grant?
Equal voting rights to women and men
89
At what age could both men and women vote after the 1928 Representation of the People Act (Equal Franchise Act)?
21
90
In what year was the Representation of the People Act passed that extended the franchise to men and women over the age of 18?
1969
91
In what year did the government respond to widespread and prolonged public sector strikes with the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act?
2023
92
What does the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act require?
Some workers to still work during strikers or face being sacked
93
What pressure group has campaigned for compensation due to the government increasing pension age?
WASPI
94
What type of action does Insulate Britain engage in?
Direct action and often breaks the law - civil disobedience
95
In what year did Just Stop Oil disband?
April 2025
96
What government act influenced the effectiveness of direct action and led to Just Stop Oil's disbandment?
Public Order Act 2023
97
What did the BMA (British Medical Association) successfully campaign for?
2% rise of doctors wages post-pandemic
98
In what month and year did Just Stop Oil activists vandalise petrol pumps along the M25?
April 2022
99
In what month and year did two JSO activists scale the Queen Elizabeth Bridge on the M25 near Dartford?
October 2022
100
How long were the two JSO activists suspended in cables on the Queen Elizabeth Bridge?
37 hours
101
How long were the two JSO activists sentenced to imprisonment?
Around 3 years
102
What was Just Stop Oil's methodology?
Civil disobedience regardless of public image
103
What is the National Farmers Union's relationship with its relevant government department?
Close link
104
What is the name of the relevant government department for the National Farmers Union?
Department for Environment - Food and Rural affairs
105
How much funding did the National Farmers Union work with to create for technology and innovation to protect British farming?
£220 million
106
What Labour-supporting pressure group has influenced the Labour party by putting in candidates for selection as Labour MPs and councillors?
Momentum
107
Name three MPs who have been very vocal about social justice - climate action - and other leftist policies and are associated with Momentum. - Zara Sultana - Apsana Begum - and Nadia Whittome
108
Who is the first Hijabi MP in Parliament?
Aspana Begum
109
What did Aspana Begum accuse Labour of?
Targeting her for deselection because she was a socialist - Muslim - working class woman
110
What charity has attempted to bring a legal challenge against the recently passed Rwanda Bill?
Care4Calais
111
What is the largest pressure group in the country?
The National Trust
112
In what year did the National Trust call for the government to stay true to its net zero by 2030 obligation?
2022
113
What did the National Trust call for the government to do in 2022 regarding fracking?
Continue to ban fracking
114
What has Sunak done with the net-zero target?
Extended the net-zero to 2050
115
Who lifted the ban on fracking?
PM Truss
116
Who has reinstated the ban on fracking?
Sunak
117
What did Extinction Rebellion do to campaign for climate change?
Occupied St Paul’s Cathedral
118
In what month and year did Extinction Rebellion launch awareness of pollution in the River Nidd with the “Poo Patrol”?
May 2024
119
What did the “Poo Patrol” consist of?
Activists dressed in white overalls with fishing rods pretending to fish poops out of the River Nidd
120
Who did the group FareShare use as a figurehead for their social media campaign to provide free meals to struggling children during the 2020 lockdown?
Footballer Marcus Rashford
121
How many signatures did Rashford’s e-petition receive?
1.1 million
122
How much did the government announce it would provide for a ‘Covid summer food fund’?
£120 million
123
How much did the government announce it would provide for a ‘Covid winter grant scheme’ for vulnerable families?
£170 million
124
What political campaign sought to impact government decisions for Gurkhas who served in the British military to gain right of abode?
The Gurkha Justice Campaign
125
In what year did the High Court rule that the lack of rights for Gurkhas was illegal?
2008
126
In what year did Gordon Brown announce that all Gurkha veterans who had served four years or more in the British Army would be allowed to settle in Britain?
2009
127
What coalition held mass rallies to stop the invasion of Iraq in 2003?
Stop the War Coalition
128
Who was the Prime Minister who resisted the Stop the War Coalition and sent British troops to Iraq?
Blair
129
What did the shift of Conservative Party thinking towards a more overtly free-market-orientated approach in the 1970s owe a great deal to?
Margaret Thatcher's patronage of right-wing think tanks
130
Name two right-wing think tanks patronized by Margaret Thatcher.
- Centre for Policy Studies and the Adam Smith Institute
131
In 2022 - how many parliamentary supporters did the neoliberal think tank Institute of Economic Affairs have?
24
132
Name four prominent figures who were parliamentary supporters of the Institute of Economic Affairs in 2022.
- Liz Truss - Priti Patel - Kemi Badenoch - and Kwasi Kwarteng
133
What did many think tanks - like the Resolution Foundation and the Fabian Society - warn against?
Brexit
134
Which political party is associated with the Adam Smith institute and the Centre for Social Justice?
The Conservative Party
135
Which political party is associated with the Fabian Society and Institute for Public Policy?
Labour
136
Who was David Cameron's senior advisor who was the owner of the financial firm Greensill Capital?
Lex Greensill
137
What did Cameron do after leaving politics?
Become a lobbyist at Greensill Capital
138
Whom did Cameron lobby to use Greensill Capital’s services in the NHS during the pandemic?
Matt Hancock
139
What lobbying firm tried to get another referendum through persuading MPs but wasn't successful?
Best for Britain
140
What did the National Farmers Union use their insider status with the Department of Environment - Food and Rural Affairs to allow?
The 2013 badger cull
141
Who is the head of the environmental affairs committee who attended an NFU summit in 2023 and 2024?
Unknown
142
What did Rishi Sunak say to the NFU?
“we have your back”
143
In what year did the RSPCA and other groups join forces to campaign for the ban on hunting?
2004
144
What act banned hunting as a result of the RSPCA and other groups' campaign?
Hunting Dogs Act 2004
145
What pressure group advocates for LGBTQ+ rights and has been influential in areas such as same-sex marriage?
Stonewall
146
What was one success of Stonewall in 2020?
Convincing the government to commit to banning conversion therapy
147
What is yet to be introduced despite Stonewall's success in 2020?
Legislation to ban conversion therapy
148
What influence did Trade Unions have over government - especially Labour pre-1997?
Significant influence
149
What term was used to highlight the influence of Trade Unions over government - especially Labour pre-1997?
‘beer and sandwiches at no.10’
150
How much did Trade Unions donate to Labour in the last 3 months of 2019?
£4 million
151
Who co-authored the 2019 Conservative Manifesto?
Robert Colville and Rachel Wolf
152
From 2015 to 2021 - how many citations did the Institute of Fiscal Studies’ reports have in official government documents?
Over 150
153
What outsider group was successful in its Microbeads campaign?
Greenpeace
154
What did the government propose as a result of Greenpeace's Microbeads campaign?
The strongest ban on microbeads in the world
155
By what year did the government declare that all personal care and cosmetic products containing microbeads would be off the shelves?
2018
156
What is countervailing a product of?
Hyperpluralism
157
Name two pressure groups that oppose each other on the issue of a 3rd runway at Heathrow.
- The british chamber of commerce and the no 3rd runway group
158
Name two pressure groups that oppose each other on the issue of the minimum wage.
- Trade union congress and the confederation of british industry
159
Why does the PG cage uk which advocates against post 9\11 terror laws that disproportionately affect muslims has little influence?
because muslims only represent 4% of the electorate their lack of influence is accentuated by the fact that most muslims are labour voters so there would be no electoral gain if the cons party consulted with them.
160
Which MP was suspended for breaking lobbying rules after he was alleged to have lobbied for the gambling industry?
Scott Benton
161
How many lobbyists are there in and around Westminster?
4 - 000
162
What pressure group campaigned for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza?
Palestine Solidarity Campaign
163
What did the Palestine Solidarity Campaign's campaigning lead to?
Gaza mass protests in London
164
How many people marched in London on 18th May 2024 in the Gaza mass protests?
250 - 000
165
What did the Institute for Government issue in June 2022?
‘How metro mayors can help level up England’
166
What did the Adam Smith Institute release in June 2022?
a paper entitled ‘Countdown: Reforming the Cabinet Office - exploring how the Cabinet office could be made more efficient and effective.
167
Why did the Adam Smith Institute release the paper on reforming the Cabinet Office?
because it opposed bureaucracy and believed the government should be small.
168
What are the features of Political Parties?
Sharing similar/same political views and values (ideology) - Seek to secure the seats of their candidates as representatives or to form a government at various levels: local - regional - national - Some kind of consensus on developing policy - recruits candidates and identifies leaders - Manifestos are the collection of beliefs and promises made by parties presented to the electorate during election period and for the public holding later accountability if the party forms a government
169
What was Labour’s announcement on 16th May?
Labour's First Steps for Change
170
What are Labour's plans for the railways announced in 2024?
To renationalise the railways after 5 years
171
What is Labour's first step for change regarding the economy?
Putting economic stability first by introducing a new fiscal lock
172
What are other economic policies of Labour?
Tackling tax avoidance and non-dom loopholes - Setting up Great British Energy - Make work pay by new for working people and delivering a genuine living wage - banning zero hours contracts and ending fire and rehire - Creating a National Wealth Fund - Will abolish the non-dom tax loophole for the very wealthy
173
What is Labour's first step for change regarding welfare?
Get NHS back on its feet by ending wait times (providing 40 - 000 more appointments each week) - new technology and early diagnosis - better public health - mental health and more importance for 8 - 500 staff
174
What has Wes Streeting indicated his willingness to use to bring down NHS waiting lists?
The private healthcare sector
175
How does Labour plan to pay NHS staff for overtime to tackle the backlog?
Using the money raised through abolishing non-dom tax status
176
What are Labour's policies on Law and Order?
Increase in policy - halve the violence against women - tougher sentences with Criminal Justice Act - establish new Border Security Command - providing more neighbourhood police officers - introduced new penalties for offenders - scrap Rwanda plan immediately
177
How much money does Labour plan to free up from the Rwanda scheme in the first year?
£75m
178
What does Labour plan to use the freed-up money for?
To hire hundreds of extra investigators and "intelligence agents"
179
What are Labour's foreign policy aims?
introduce legislation that means military intervention can only take place with legal + Parliamentary authority - Reluctance to support anything ‘anti-Brexit’/reversing Brexit - Vocal support for NATO - Looking to amend Brexit -> increase collaboration
180
What are the Liberal Democrats' economic aims?
A fair - prosperous and innovative economy that promotes opportunity and wellbeing. - make taxes fair not burden and help with cost with living and create job which uphold fiscal responsibility
181
What are the Liberal Democrats' welfare aims?
Fair access to good public services and a strong social safety net.. A flourishing environment - with fair access to nature for all. Cut nhs time - to see GPs quicker - mental health contact - recruit and train more doctors and nurses . Education - free school meals - extend opportunity for young people to study - Bring down energy bills and help end fuel poverty
182
What are the Liberal Democrats' aims regarding Law and Order?
A truly fair democracy - where everyone’s rights are respected and individuals and communities are empowered.Restore porous community policy - invest in a criminal justice system - improved rehabilitation
183
What are the Liberal Democrats' foreign policy aims?
looking to rejoin EU single market. Support international institutions (NATO - UN - EU - WTO). Abandon renewal of Trident nuclear missile system. commitment to taking 50 - 000 Syrian refugees by 2020. Support international aid. Advocated for an immediate Gaza ceasefire
184
What policy did the LibDems side with the Conservatives in opposing in 2013?
Mansion Tax
185
What was the Lib Dems' previous stance on Mansion Tax?
They had previously supported it
186
What bill did the Liberal Democrats - particularly under Nick Clegg - oppose?
The proposed Communications Data Bill (often referred to as the "Snooper's Charter")
187
What did the "Snooper's Charter" aim to do?
expand the government's surveillance powers
188
What did the Liberal Democrats argue about the "Snooper's Charter"?
It posed a threat to civil liberties and privacy rights
189
What powers have the Liberal Democrats been vocal advocates for reforming?
Stop and search powers
190
What was the Liberal Democrats' stance on the 2016 EU referendum?
They campaigned for "Remain"
191
What policy did the Liberal Democrats champion in the coalition government (2010-2015)?
The Pupil Premium policy
192
What did the Pupil Premium policy aim to do?
provide additional funding to schools based on the number of pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds
193
What did the Liberal Democrats express concerns about during their time in coalition with the Conservatives?
The impact of welfare cuts on vulnerable individuals and families
194
What was seen by some as disregarding democratic principles in the Liberal Democrats' 2019 GE pledge?
To cancel Brexit without a second referendum
195
What was Cameron's priority regarding the economy?
To reduce the budget deficit inherited from the Labour government
196
What term was used to describe Cameron's programme of public spending cuts?
‘austerity’
197
What were Cameron's aims with the austerity programme?
to maintain confidence of financial markets and prevent Britain’s borrowing costs from rising
198
What were some of the Conservative economic policies under Cameron?
Fiscal responsibility - commitment to free trade - furlough scheme during Covid - increased corporation tax from 19-25% - increased national living wage
199
What is Kemi Badenoch's view on free market economics?
Pro free market economics - pledged to remove ‘red tape’ and said “Capitalism is not a dirty word - wealth is not a dirty word - profit is not a dirty word.”
200
What were some of the Conservative welfare policies?
Cap on benefits - Benefits rates frozen from 2010 to 2019 - Cuts to public services + introduction of private sector competition in public services - Promised to increase funding for NHS and education + bring down waiting lists
201
What were some of the Conservative policies on Law and order?
promised to increase the number of police officers - increase stop and search powers - limitations on right to protest - Restriction to individual liberty during Covid - New Bill of Rights curtailing some HRA freedoms + threats to leave ECHR - Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023
202
What are some of the Conservative foreign policy aims?
commitment to armed forces - nuclear deterrent - membership of NATO - ‘Get Brexit Done’ - Reduction in foreign aid budget to 0.5% GDP - Rwanda asylum scheme - ‘stop small boats’
203
What have the SNP Government offered NHS Scotland Agenda for Change staff?
a substantial pay rise of at least 4%
204
What do the SNP always pledge to do with Scotland's NHS?
Keep it safe in public hands and improve mental health
205
What do the SNP call for an end to regarding police and fire services?
VAT charges
206
How much did the UK Government refund Scotland’s emergency services in VAT?
£175 million
207
What was the percentage increase to Police Scotland’s day-to-day budget?
0.055999999999999994
208
What is the SNP's belief regarding the tax burden?
‘The SNP believe that the tax burden should be proportionate to the ability to pay.’
209
What are some of the SNP's economic policies?
investment of up to £372 million in the scottish freeport and investment zones programmes - £1.15 billion-worth investment into growth deals
210
Who are the leaders of the Green party?
Carla Denyer and Adrien Ramsay
211
What are the Green party's welfare policies?
Replace Personal Independence Payments (PIP) cash payments with ‘vouchers’ - introduce a Universal Basic Income - Build more better-insulated homes (150 - 000) - Reduce waiting lists for NHS - Better access to NHS dentists - Increase school funding by 8 billion pounds
212
What are the Green party's policies on Law and order?
Legalisation of cannabis - promote community policing and de-prioritising stop-and-searches of young people - reducing knife crime
213
What are the Green party's economic policies?
Wealth tax on top 1% - special tax on large banks - living wage of £10/hr - Drive fossil fuels out of the economy - Phase-out nuclear power - Repeal anti-union legislation and replace it with a positive Charter of Workers’ Rights
214
What are the Green party's social policies?
Votes for 16 year olds - Ban on all blood sports including trail hunting
215
What is Reform UK's belief regarding reducing pressure on the welfare system?
Reducing illegal migration will reduce pressure
216
What are Reform UK's policies on Law and order?
Increase funding towards policing and increase funding for better police technology - Against illegal migration and support points-based systems for skilled migrants
217
What are Reform UK's economic policies?
Lower tax - lift threshold for 40% income tax bracket to £70 - 000
218
What are Reform UK's proposals for the voting system?
Abolish FPTP and introduce Proportional Representation
219
What are Reform UK's proposals for the House of Lords?
Reform HoL by introducing a representative - elected second chamber
220
What was Sunak's response to a conservative voter wanting to vote for Reform?
“A vote for Reform is a vote for Starmer” - and “There will be one of two PMs - me or Keir Starmer”
221
What was the Labour Party's polling percentage in May 2024?
0.44
222
What was the Conservative Party's polling percentage in May 2024?
0.24
223
What was Reform UK's polling percentage in May 2024?
0.11
224
What was the Liberal Democrats' polling percentage in May 2024?
0.1
225
What was the Green Party's polling percentage in May 2024?
0.06
226
What was the Scottish National Party (SNP)'s polling percentage in May 2024?
0.03
227
What was Plaid Cymru's polling percentage in May 2024?
0.01
228
What was Labour's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.24
229
What was Reform's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.23
230
What was the Conservative Party's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.22
231
What was the LibDem's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.15
232
What was the Green's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.09
233
What was the SNP's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.03
234
What was Plaid Cymru's polling percentage in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.01
235
What was the polling percentage for 'Other' in the YouGov survey (9-10th March 2025)?
0.03
236
What division within Labour led to the creation of the SDP in 1981?
Left-right divided
237
What was the result of the 1983 election following the SDP split?
Tory majority
238
What division within Major’s Tories led to a Labour landslide in 1997?
Divided over Europe
239
What division within May’s government was evident in 2017?
Divided over Brexit
240
What did Johnson do in 2019 to create a unified front in his party?
Suspended moderate Tories and filled his Cabinet with hard pro-Brexit MPs
241
What issue divided Conservative MPs in 2020?
Opposition to the Huawei new 5G network plan
242
Why did Conservative MPs oppose the Huawei plan?
Concern of Chinese government interference on UK national security and accusation of no disclosure of COVID impact
243
What did Johnson do regarding the Huawei plan due to MP opposition?
Abandoned the plan
244
What issue led to the exit of numerous Labour MPs in 2023-24?
Disagreements over Palestine - Israel conflict
245
Name three Labour MPs who exited due to disagreements over the Palestine - Israel conflict.
- Naz Shah - Afzal Khan - Jess Philips
246
What division was evident within the Tory party in 2023-24?
Division on Rwanda scheme and shifting position in economic policy
247
What caused the shifting position in Tory economic policy in 2023?
Resignation of ex-PM Liz Truss
248
What percentage of MPs said they were stepping down?
Around one in five
249
How many Tory MPs were stepping down?
More than 70
250
How many Labour MPs were stepping down?
Over 20
251
How many SNP MPs were stepping down?
Nine
252
What negative media coverage did Neil Kinnock face?
The Sun “Will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights”
253
What did the negative media coverage suggest about Neil Kinnock?
Incompetence to become Prime Minister (poor valence)
254
What did Tony Blair have tight control over?
His party’s messaging — New Labour - moderate - reform of Clause IV
255
What events damaged Tony Blair's image?
Iraq war - increase in tuition fees
256
What was Boris Johnson’s clear party messaging in the 2019 Conservatives manifesto?
“Get Brexit Done”
257
What did Johnson's messaging help the Conservatives achieve?
Gain 80 majority seats
258
What incidents damaged Boris Johnson's valence?
Partygate
259
What D-Day incident caused massive controversy for PM Sunak?
Leaving D-Day early to attend a Channel 4 Interview
260
What is the general point of the Telegraph article mentioned?
Proximity of Labour and Conservative policy
261
What is Labour's first duty regarding the economy?
Economic stability
262
What have the Conservatives pledged to deliver if they win the general election (Jeremy Hunt)?
Tax cuts
263
What is Labour's stance on Universal Credit?
Aligns with Conservatives to keep it (but seek to reform it)
264
What is Labour's pledge to cut NHS waiting lists?
Provide 40K appointments in NHS each week by using money from “non-dom loopholes” and tax avoidance
265
What is the Conservatives' pledge to cut waiting lists?
Will cut waiting lists (no clear plan yet)
266
What is Labour's current plan regarding tuition fees?
No plan to abolish them as the country cannot afford it (2023)
267
What is the stance of both Labour and the Conservatives on the Gaza conflict?
Both have adamantly backed Israel (bipartisan)
268
How has Labour's response to the Gaza conflict been?
Broadly unified
269
What contrast is noted regarding Labour's foreign policy under Jeremy Corbyn?
Deep divisions over Israel-Palestine (and foreign policy in general)
270
What did Starmer say regarding Israel's right in October 2023?
“Israel has the right to self defence” and defended their “right to withhold water” from Palestines
271
What did Shadow Cabinet Member David Lammy emphasise regarding Labour's support for Israel?
Supported Israel and its “right to defend itself”; response must be proportionate and within international law
272
How many Labour MPs rebelled in favour of a ceasefire in November 2023?
56
273
What was the result of the Labour MPs' rebellion on a ceasefire?
10 front bench resignations
274
How many councillors across the country resigned over disapproval of Labour's stance on Gaza?
Over 70
275
How many councillors resigned in Oxford over Labour's stance on Gaza?
9
276
What did Regional Mayors Sadiq Khan and Andy Burnham call for regarding the Gaza conflict?
An immediate ceasefire
277
What is the stance of both Labour and the Conservatives on the Ukraine conflict?
Both support Ukraine
278
What is the stance of both Sunak and Starmer on a free movement deal with the EU for 18-30 year olds?
Both turned it down
279
Why might the parties be aligning on foreign policy to support the US approach?
Too much at stake for the British economy if they deviate from the US
280
Which party won the seat for the UK European Parliament election in 2019?
The Brexit Party
281
What percentage of the vote did the Green party win in the 2019 European Parliament elections?
0.12
282
How many MEPs did the Green party elect in the 2019 European Parliament elections?
7
283
What promise in the Conservative manifesto 2019 may have been due to the rising popularity of the Green party?
Promise to reach net zero by 2050
284
How many seats did the Lib Dems gain in the 2024 local elections?
+104 (total 522)
285
How many seats did the Green party gain in the 2024 local elections?
+74 (total 181)
286
How many seats did Independents gain in the 2024 local elections?
+ 93 (total 228)
287
Who won the by-election in Rochdale?
George Galloway from Workers Party of Britain
288
What is the definition of Political Parties?
Organized groups that seek to influence public policy and gain political power by participating in elections
289
What are the key functions of Political Parties?
Representation - Political Participation - Policy Formulation - Recruitment and Leadership - Government Formation
290
What is an example of a Single-Party System?
North Korea
291
What is an analysis of Single-Party Systems?
While such systems can ensure political stability - they often undermine political freedom - creating autocracies
292
What is an example of a Two-Party System?
UK (Conservatives vs. Labour) and USA (Democrats vs. Republicans)
293
What is an analysis of Two-Party Systems?
Two-party systems - often found under First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) electoral systems - tend to limit voter choice and lead to policy convergence
294
What is an evaluation of Two-Party Systems?
A drawback is the “wasted vote” phenomenon in FPTP - limiting democratic representation
295
What is an example of a Multi-Party System?
Germany (CDU - SPD - Green Party - FDP)
296
Under what electoral system does Germany operate?
Proportional Representation (PR)
297
What is an analysis of Multi-Party Systems?
PR systems lead to broader representation but can result in unstable coalition governments
298
What is an evaluation of Multi-Party Systems?
Although multi-party systems promote inclusivity - coalition politics often result in compromises that dilute policy effectiveness
299
What is the focus of Left-wing Ideologies?
Social equality - state intervention in the economy - and progressive values
300
What is an example of a Left-wing party in the UK?
The Labour Party
301
What is the focus of Right-wing Ideologies?
Support for free-market capitalism - limited government intervention - and traditional values
302
What is an example of a Right-wing party in the UK?
The Conservative Party
303
What is an example of a Centrist Party in the UK?
The Liberal Democrats
304
What do Centrist parties advocate for?
A balance of social justice with free-market policies - also focusing on civil liberties and electoral reform
305
What is an analysis of Centrist Parties?
They often appeal to voters disillusioned with extreme ideologies - though they may struggle to maintain a distinct identity
306
What is a case study of a regional party challenging traditional ideologies in the UK?
The rise of the SNP (Scottish National Party)
307
How many seats did the SNP win in the 2015 UK general election?
56 out of 59 Scottish seats
308
What are the sources of Party Funding?
Private Donations and Public Funding
309
What is an analysis of Public Funding for parties?
Aims to create a level playing field but may also stifle grassroots parties
310
What are the issues of influence related to Party Funding?
Corruption and Elitism
311
What is an example of a corruption affair related to party funding in 1997?
Ecclestone Affair 1997
312
What are concerns over in the UK regarding political donations?
“cash for access” scandals
313
What individual was involved in a "cash for access" scandal?
Peter Cruddas
314
Who has been charged with embezzlement of party funds (2022)?
Peter Murrel
315
What moral and legal corruption scandal occurred in 2006/2007?
Cash for Honours scandal
316
What report was related to the Cash for Honours scandal?
Phillips Report 2007
317
Who was involved in a controversial honours list in 2023?
Johnson
318
What donation scandal occurred in 2024?
Frank Hester donation scandal
319
What did Ed Davey say regarding political donations?
“we must also cap donations to political parties. So that even the wealthiest racists cannot buy power and influence over the Conservative party”
320
Who offered to donate £100 million to Reform UK (2025?)
- Elon Musk
321
What did Transparency International explain about loopholes in the law?
How they are allowing “dark money” to infiltrate UK politics
322
What percentage of donations to parties and politicians comes from unknown or dubious sources?
‘almost £1 in every £10’
323
What act was introduced in the UK to regulate donations and ensure transparency?
The Political Parties - Elections and Referendums Act (2000)
324
What is Partisan Dealignment?
Traditional party loyalty is in decline - with many voters now identifying as independent or switching allegiance
325
Who provided evidence of Partisan Dealignment in the British Election Study?
David Sanders
326
What does Partisan Dealignment reflect?
Changing political dynamics - with voters more focused on specific issues rather than party affiliation
327
What do Populist parties challenge?
Traditional party structures by focusing on issues such as nationalism and anti-elitism
328
Give an example of a Populist party in the UK
. - UKIP and Brexit Party
329
What does the rise of Populism highlight?
The growing disillusionment with traditional party politics
330
What does Political Fragmentation indicate?
New forms of political engagement - such as through social media platforms
331
What is an example of political engagement through social media?
Farage making cameos to increase influence within younger voters
332
How do different electoral systems impact party success?
FPTP favors larger parties - while PR systems tend to benefit smaller parties
333
What does FPTP often lead to?
Majoritarian systems
334
Give an example of a majoritarian system outcome under FPTP in the UK.
- Conservative victory in 2015 despite not winning a majority of the vote
335
How does Social Media affect parties?
Allows direct engagement with voters but also makes them vulnerable to manipulation and misinformation
336
Give an example of social media manipulation in politics.
Cambridge Analytica and the 2016 US election
337
What role does Traditional Media play in shaping public perception?
Reinforcing party ideologies through partisan outlets
338
What new forms of engagement show that political participation is evolving despite declining party membership?
Political activism (e.g. - Extinction Rebellion)
339
What does the future of political parties depend on?
Their ability to adapt to changing political landscapes - engage with new forms of communication - and respond to voter concerns outside traditional ideological frameworks
340
How many votes cast in 2019 had no effect?
0.3
341
How many votes did the Conservatives need per seat in 2019?
Under 40k
342
How many votes did the Greens need per seat in 2019?
Over 800k
343
How many votes did Labour need per seat in 2024?
24 - 000
344
How many votes did Reform UK need per seat in 2024?
Over 800k
345
How many hung parliaments have there been since WW2?
3
346
In the 2015 election - what percentage of votes did UKIP win?
0.126
347
How many seats did UKIP win in the 2015 election?
1
348
In the 2024 general election - what percentage of votes did Reform UK win?
0.1429
349
How many seats did Reform UK win in the 2024 general election?
5
350
In the 2024 general election - what percentage of votes did the Green party win?
0.0639
351
How many seats did the Green party win in the 2024 general election?
4
352
In the 2024 general election - what percentage of the vote share did the Liberal Democrats win?
0.1222
353
How many seats did the Liberal Democrats win in the 2024 general election?
72
354
What percentage of the vote did Labour win in the 2024 general election?
0.34
355
What percentage of seats did Labour win in the 2024 general election?
0.63
356
By how much did smaller parties' vote share increase due to tactical voting against Conservatives?
0.426
357
In 2024 - what percentage of the vote did the Libdems - Greens and Reform party combined receive?
0.332
358
In 2024 - what percentage of seats do the Libdems - Greens and Reform party combined have in parliament?
0.125
359
In the 2024 general election - what was Labour's vote share?
0.337
360
In the 2024 general election - what percentage of the seats in the Commons did Labour gain?
0.632
361
In 2010 - what percentage of the vote did the BNP win?
0.019
362
How many seats would the BNP have won under a proportional system?
36903
363
How many seats did the BNP win under FPTP?
0
364
Who was elected as the new Rochdale MP in 2024?
George Galloway from Workers Party of Britain
365
What was George Galloway's vote share in the Rochdale by-election?
0.4
366
Did George Galloway win his seat in the 2024 general election?
No - he lost to Labour
367
In what year did Sadiq Khan win the mayoral election for a third consecutive term?
2024
368
What percentage of the vote did Sadiq Khan win in 2024?
0.43799999999999994
369
What was significant about Sadiq Khan's 2024 mayoral election win?
It was the highest majority so far
370
In the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections - what percentage of the constituency seats did Labour win?
Almost half
371
What percentage of the vote did Labour win in the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections?
0.32
372
What percentage of the seats did Labour end up with after the closed party list correction?
0.29
373
In the 2011 elections - how many regional seats did the SNP win?
16 out of 56
374
What percentage of the regional votes did the SNP win in the 2011 elections?
0.44
375
In the 2021 Scottish parliament election - how many constituency seats did conservatives win under FPTP?
5
376
How many regional list seats did conservatives gain in the 2021 Scottish parliament election?
26
377
How many seats did conservatives have overall in the 2021 Scottish parliament election?
31
378
In the 2019 UK general election - how many seats did the conservatives win in Scotland?
6/59
379
What percentage of votes did the conservatives get in Scotland in the 2019 UK general election?
Approximately 25%
380
What does this show about the Scottish parliament election system?
FPTP is disproportional but the ‘top up’ party list element corrects the disproportionality
381
In what year was the only time a London mayor won more than 50% of the total ballots?
2016 (Sadiq Khan)
382
As of May 2024 - how many seats do the Conservatives have?
344
383
How many by-election defeats have the Conservatives had?
11
384
How many MPs accused of sexual misconduct have had the whip suspended?
3
385
Who else has had the whip suspended?
Matt Hancock
386
What does the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly Election show about STV?
It is one of the most proportional electoral systems
387
In the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly Election - what percentage of the vote did Sinn Fein win?
0.29
388
How many seats did Sinn Fein get in the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly Election?
27
389
What percentage of the vote share did Sinn Fein have in the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly Election?
0.3
390
What does this show about STV compared to FPTP?
It gives a much more proportional/representative result
391
What type of seats contested in the 2024 election show FTPT still allows for change?
Safe seats
392
Which Labour safe seat was contested to independent candidate Adnan Hussain?
BLACKBURN
393
Why was BLACKBURN contested?
His stance on Gaza - as well as the endorsement/funding from the Issa brothers
394
Which Conservative safe seat was contested to independent candidate Adnan Hussain?
NORTH HEREFORDSHIRE
395
What party did NORTH HEREFORDSHIRE vote for in 2024?
Green
396
What majority did the Green party win in NORTH HEREFORDSHIRE?
0.43200000000000005
397
Which Conservative safe seat voted Reform UK in 2024?
BOSTON AND SKEGNESS
398
What was the high Leave vote in BOSTON AND SKEGNESS in 2016?
0.7559999999999999
399
Which Conservative safe seat voted Green due to Adrien Ramsay's campaigning?
WAVENEY VALLEY
400
Why did WAVENEY VALLEY vote Green?
Due to its many agricultural businesses - as well as Adrien Ramsay’s strong campaigning tactics
401
What do the existence of pressure groups like Electoral Reform and Unlock Democracy imply?
Many UK citizens are not satisfied with the FPTP system
402
What was the result of the 1975 Referendum on the UK staying in the EU?
67% remain - 64% turnout
403
What was the result of the 1997 Establishment of Scottish Parliament referendum?
74% Yes - 25% No - 60% Turnout
404
What was the result of the 1997 Welsh Assembly Referendum?
49.7% turnout - 50.3% yes
405
What was the result of the 1998 Approval of the GFA referendum?
71% Yes - 29% No - 81% Turnout
406
What was the result of the 2011 AV referendum?
32% Yes - 67% No - 42% Turnout
407
What was the result of the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum?
45% Yes - 55% No - 84% Turnout
408
What was the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum?
48% Remain - 52% Leave - 72% Turnout
409
What was the turnout for the Greater Manchester Congestion Charge referendum?
0.46
410
What was the result of the Greater Manchester Congestion Charge referendum?
It was overwhelmingly rejected
411
What is the Electoral Commission?
An independent body responsible for checking the wording of one question to ensure it is objective. It also monitors rival campaigning groups
412
What act set up the Electoral Commission?
The 2000 Political Parties - Elections and Referendums Act (PPERA)
413
What is a weakness of the Electoral Commission?
It is a reactive body that investigates violations after they’ve had their impact (Leave campaign overspending)
414
What type of government does FPTP tend to produce?
Single-party government
415
What is a characteristic of single-party governments under FPTP?
“clear winners” and “the winner takes all”
416
What is the "winner bonus" in the House of Commons under FPTP?
elective dictatorship
417
Give an example of FPTP paving the way for a government to pass legislation without gridlocks.
- 1997 landslide victory of Labour (179 majority seats) and Blair’s government passing constitutional reform
418
Give another example of FPTP enabling a government to pass legislation without significant challenges.
- 2019 victory of Conservatives (80 seats majority) and Johnson’s government passing the Coronavirus Act 2020
419
What does FPTP not always produce?
A single-party government
420
Give examples of hung parliaments in recent UK history.
- 2010-2015 coalition government - 2017-2019 minority government
421
What challenges do unstable governments face during legislation?
More challenges
422
Give an example of a Prime Minister facing challenges in Parliament to tackle EU issues due to a hung parliament.
- 2017 May faced challenges in Parliament tackle EU issues in Soft Brexit approach
423
How did May try to pursue soft Brexit?
Used sub-committees and cabinet committees
424
What was the result of May's soft Brexit approach?
Failed - she stepped down and called for an election in 2019
425
What type of government does AMS tend to produce?
Two-party coalition government/one-party minority government
426
What does AMS promote?
Multi-party system
427
What does AMS reduce?
Tactical voting
428
How does AMS reduce tactical voting?
Allows voters to vote for their preferred party in the regional seats (close list)
429
What does AMS reinforce?
Coalition government
430
Give an example of AMS reinforcing coalition government.
- SNP-Green Pact (2021-)
431
Who drafts the close list in AMS?
The party
432
Who chooses the candidates in the close list system?
The party
433
What other electoral system is still used in AMS?
FPTP (for constituency seats)
434
What problems does FPTP share when used alongside AMS?
The same problems
435
What type of accountability does AMS have?
Vague accountability
436
Why is accountability vague in AMS?
Don’t know who to turn to when issues raised
437
What type of government does STV tend to produce?
Two-party coalition government - power-sharing among several parties
438
What does STV reinforce due to the political nature in Northern Ireland?
power-sharing
439
Give an example of STV reinforcing power-sharing.
- Sinn Fein-DUP coalition
440
What does STV ensure?
no wasted votes
441
How does STV ensure no wasted votes?
ranking candidates can ensure elected MLAs are representing electorate’s preference
442
What does STV not guarantee?
Stable government
443
Give examples of instability in the Northern Ireland Assembly.
suspended for 3 times and the longest time is 5 years (2002-2007) - recent suspension is during 2022-2024
444
What are the reasons for instability in Stormont?
party political tensions
445
What type of voting system is STV considered?
Extremely confusing
446
How does the STV voting system work?
voters rank the candidates and votes transfer to other candidates if their 1st preference is elected (until 6 seats are filled)
447
What type of accountability does STV have?
Confusing accountability
448
Why is accountability confusing in STV?
6 MLA in one constituency although increases representation but don’t know who to turn to
449
What is the impact of SV on candidates?
single candidate as mayor (not in use after Elections Act 2022)
450
What type of party system does SV tend to produce?
two party system
451
Why does SV tend to produce a two party system?
only the majority parties can usually get into the final round
452
What are the impacts of different systems on party representation and voter choice?
Varies depending on system (FPTP less representative)
453
How many points less conservative are Millennials than the national average?
15
454
According to Ipsos MORI (2017) - what percentage of 18-24 year old voters voted for Labour?
0.62
455
According to Ipsos MORI (2017) - what percentage of 18-24 year old voters voted for Tories?
0.27
456
According to Ipsos MORI (2017) - what percentage of 65+ voters voted for Conservatives?
0.69
457
According to Ipsos MORI (2017) - what percentage of 65+ voters voted for Labour?
0.19
458
According to YouGov (2019) - at what age does vote preference diverge?
39
459
In 2019 - what percentage of 18-24 year old voters voted Conservative?
0.21
460
In 2024 - what percentage of 18-24 year old voters voted Conservative?
0.08
461
In 2019 - what percentage of 70+ voters voted Labour?
0.14
462
In 2024 - what percentage of 70+ voters voted Labour?
0.2
463
What did YouGov describe age as?
The “biggest dividing line in British Politics”
464
What are “Blair's babes” - “Browns Sugars” - “Labour Lovelies” examples of?
How the media focuses on the “physical attributes of female candidates”
465
What commitment did the Conservatives have in 2019 to address gender?
To tackle issues relating to violence against women including a commitment to appoint a violence against women commissioner
466
Who did women traditionally favour voting for?
The Conservatives
467
Under which leader did Labour win a larger share of the female vote?
Blair
468
In what year did Blair introduce all-women shortlists?
1997
469
In the 2024 GE - what percentage of men voted Labour?
0.34
470
In the 2024 GE - what percentage of women voted Labour?
0.35
471
In the 2024 GE - what percentage of men voted LibDems?
0.12
472
In the 2024 GE - what percentage of women voted LibDems?
0.12
473
Which region is most likely to vote Labour?
The North
474
What was Labour MP Dan Carden's vote share in Liverpool Walton in the last 4 GE’s?
Hasn’t dropped below 72%
475
In the 2019 General Election - where did Conservatives break down Labour’s “Red Wall”?
Northern England
476
What factors contributed to the Conservatives breaking down Labour's "Red Wall"?
Brexit and perceptions of party leadership
477
What type of seats that went to Reform UK in the 2024 General Election?
Coastal
478
What rhetoric did Reform UK use that appealed to voters in coastal seats?
Anti-immigrant rhetoric
479
What happened to class alignment after the 1970s?
Class dealignment
480
Which social classes traditionally dominated the North (Red Wall)?
(C2 - DE) working class
481
Which social classes did Blair gain votes from in 1997?
AB and floating voters (~33%)
482
Why might Blair have attracted AB votes?
His centrist manifesto (New Labour) and party disunity in Conservatives on European issues
483
According to Ipsos MORI - what percentage of class AB voted for Labour in 1997?
0.59
484
According to Ipsos MORI - what percentage of class AB voted for Labour in 2010?
0.4
485
According to Ipsos MORI - what percentage of class DE voted for Conservatives in 1997?
0.21
486
According to Ipsos MORI - what percentage of class DE voted for Conservatives in 2019?
0.41
487
Which group of voters is more likely to vote Labour?
BAME voters
488
In the 2019 elections - what percentage of BAME voters voted for Conservative?
0.2
489
In the 2019 elections - what percentage of BAME voters voted Labour?
0.64
490
What demographic has a greater proportion in classes C2 and DE compared to white people?
BAME voters
491
What might explain the preference for Labour among BAME voters?
Social class
492
How did the BAME voter share in Labour - Conservatives and Liberal Democrats change in the 2024 election compared to 2019?
Decreased
493
Which group saw the biggest loss of BAME voter share in the 2024 election?
Labour (-18%)
494
Which groups saw the biggest growth in BAME voter share in the 2024 election?
Independent candidates and Greens
495
By what percentage did the independent candidates' BAME vote share grow in the 2024 election?
0.13
496
In the 2017 elections - what percentage of voters with degrees voted labour/lib dem?
0.47
497
In the 2017 elections - what percentage of voters with degrees voted conservative?
0.36
498
In the 2017 elections - what percentage of voters with no qualifications voted labour/lib dem?
0.23
499
In the 2017 elections - what percentage of voters with no qualifications voted conservative?
0.53
500
Which party was the most popular amongst all education groups in 2019?
Conservative party
501
What did the media do regarding Corbyn?
Increased negative media coverage (e.g. 'Don't chuck Britain in the Cor‘BIN’ by The Sun - anti-Labour spread by Daily Mail)
502
What percentage of vote share did Labour still gain in 2017 despite negative press?
0.321
503
What percentage of Daily Mail readers voted Conservatives in 2017?
0.74
504
What percentage of Daily Mail readers did not vote for Conservatives in 2017?
0.26
505
What was the opinion poll result (Survation - 11 Dec 2019) for Labour?
0.34
506
What was the opinion poll result (Survation - 11 Dec 2019) for Conservatives?
0.45
507
What was the actual vote share for Conservatives in the 2019 election?
0.423
508
What was the actual vote share for Labour in the 2019 election?
0.321
509
What happened to the Lib Dem vote share and seats compared to 2005?
Vote share only increased 1% and lost seats
510
What did May’s refusal to participate in a live TV debate cause?
Further decrease in her popularity
511
What was the nature of the 2019 Corbyn and Johnson TV debates?
Dull and repetitive arguments
512
Who did Labour appoint in April 2024 to work with influencers on social media?
A dedicated employee
513
On which platforms did Labour appoint an influencer employee?
TikTok and Instagram
514
What was the aim of Labour's influencer appointment?
To promote a positive image of Keir Starmer and attract young voters (18-24)
515
How many seats did Labour gain in the local election 2024?
186 (+16%)
516
What happened to the cost of Conservatives' advertisements in the 2019 general election?
Halved
517
Which party attracted voters in 2015 to support Brexit?
UKIP
518
What did UKIP's support for Brexit push the Conservatives to do?
Start the 2016 EU Withdrawal Referendum
519
What might UKIP do to Conservative votes if the Tories didn't act on Brexit?
Dilute votes
520
What is social media often described as?
An echo chamber
521
What skills are needed to attract the algorithm on social media?
Skills to bring new opinions to different users' pages
522
What did Labour make use of on social media?
Viral videos and campaigns with activists
523
How many views did Corbyn interjecting during Theresa May’s Facebook Live chat on ITV receive?
4 million
524
How many people did Corbyn challenging May to a debate reach?
1.4 million
525
Where is news often reposted that is also presented in broadcast and digital press?
Social media (e.g. BBC on Instagram and TikTok)
526
How many live paid-for adverts did Conservatives have on Facebook in 2019?
2500
527
How many live paid-for adverts did Labour have on Facebook in 2019?
250
528
What might the number of Facebook adverts suggest about the Conservative victory in 2019?
Partially due to advertisement on a platform with a larger older voter population
529
How many adverts did Lib Dem have in 2019?
3000 (more than the tories)
530
How many seats did Lib Dem lose in 2019?
1
531
What does the growth of partisan dealignment suggest about campaigns?
They do increasingly matter as voters have become more flexible
532
What was significant about John Major’s campaign in 1992?
He abandoned stage managed events and took his soap box to town centres - contrasting with Kinnock’s over-confidence
533
What was the result of the 1992 election?
Unexpected Conservative victory
534
What significantly increased Liberal Democrat support in 2010?
A strong Liberal Democrat campaign - including Nick Clegg’s performance in televised debates
535
What was the result of the 2010 election?
Hung parliament and a Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition
536
What contrasted sharply in the 2017 election campaign?
Jeremy Corbyn’s optimistic rallies and popular manifesto with Theresa May’s uninspiring campaign and the ‘dementia tax’
537
What was the result of the Labour campaign in 2017?
Labour drastically increased its support
538
What did Ramsay’s and Denyer’s campaigning focus on in 2024?
Targeting specific constituencies and paying attention to local issues
539
How many Green seats did Ramsay and Denyer's campaigning help secure?
2 out of 4
540
According to some political commentators - what can be exaggerated?
The influence of the campaign
541
What meant that campaigns made very little difference in swaying voters in the 1950s and 1960s?
Class allegiance
542
What was the outcome of the 1955 and 1959 general election campaigns?
Confirmed expected Tory victories
543
What was supposed to be the impact of Harold Wilson’s dynamic campaign in 1964?
To appeal to voters as a British John F Kennedy
544
What was the actual impact of Harold Wilson’s campaign in 1964?
Increased Labour’s share of the vote by only 0.2%
545
How was Edward Heath’s campaign in 1970 described?
Bland and uninspiring
546
What was the outcome of the 1970 election?
Unexpected Conservative victory
547
What was the media's view of Labour’s 1987 campaign?
Television-friendly
548
What was the outcome of the 1987 election?
Margaret Thatcher returned with a 102-seat majority
549
What did polling suggest during the 2019 campaign despite the Conservatives' focus on Brexit?
Hardly changed - suggesting many voters had already made up their minds
550
What attitude did Labour party workers adopt in 1997 due to their lead in the polls?
“sit tight and shut up”
551
What did Labour's attitude in 1997 suggest about voters?
They had largely made up their minds before heading to the polls
552
What was the 2019 election dubbed?
The ‘Brexit’ election
553
What was the Conservative Party slogan in 2019?
‘Get Brexit Done’
554
What impact did the ‘Get Brexit Done’ slogan have?
Helped break the Redwall
555
What was Jeremy Corbyn’s stance on Brexit in 2019?
No clear plan
556
What was a criticism of Labour's manifesto in 2019?
Too wordy
557
What type of manifesto did the Conservatives opt for in 2019?
A very slim manifesto
558
What is a counter argument to the importance of manifestos?
People don’t read them and slogans resonate better
559
Why was Corbyn extremely unpopular?
Due to anti-semitism scandal and a poor campaign
560
What was the media's view of Corbyn?
Did not like him - villainized by The Sun
561
What did The Sun dub Corbyn?
‘the most dangerous man to run for high office’
562
How was Johnson’s personality viewed?
Well-liked
563
How was Corbyn seen in comparison to Johnson?
Boring
564
What was the focus of the 2019 election less about compared to 1997?
Policy areas
565
What had the Labour Party done by 1997?
Modernised to “New Labour”
566
What did Labour's 1997 manifesto reflect?
Their modern party attitudes
567
What did Labour promise to do in 1997?
Build the economy
568
How were Labour's policies in 1997 viewed?
Widely embraced
569
What did Labour abolish?
‘Clause 4’
570
How did Labour look and feel after abolishing Clause 4?
Less socialist and more ‘mainstream’ centrist
571
How many by-elections have there been since Sunak became PM in October 2022?
13
572
What was a common swing to Labour from the Conservatives in several by-elections?
20%+
573
Give three examples of constituencies with 20%+ swings to Labour. -
Selby - Mid Bedfordshire and Tamworth
574
Give another example of a constituency with a significant swing to Labour.
- Blackpool South
575
Who gained the City of Chester seat in the by-election?
Samantha Dixon (Labour hold)
576
Who gained the Stretford and Urmston seat in the by-election?
Andrew Western (Labour hold)
577
Who gained the West Lancashire seat in the by-election?
Ashley Dalton (Labour hold)
578
Who gained the Uxbridge and South Ruislip seat in the by-election?
Steve Tuckwell (Conservative hold)
579
Who gained the Selby and Ainty seat in the by-election?
Keir Mather (Labour gain)
580
Who gained the Somerton and Frome seat in the by-election?
Sarah Dyke (Liberal Democrats gain)
581
Who gained the Rutherglen and Hamilton West seat in the by-election?
Micheal Shanks (Labour gain)
582
Who gained the Mid-Bedfordshire seat in the by-election?
Alastair Strathern (Labour gain)
583
Who gained the Tamworth seat in the by-election?
Sarah Edwards (Labour gain)
584
Who gained the Wellingborough seat in the by-election?
Gen Kitchen (Labour gain)
585
Who gained the Kingswood seat in the by-election?
Damien Egan (Labour gain)
586
Who gained the Rochdale seat in the by-election?
George Galloway (Workers Party of Britain gain)
587
Who gained the Blackpool South seat in the by-election?
Chris Webb (Labour gain)
588
What was the decline in trust of BBC between 2003 and 2020?
81% to 47%
589
What was the decline in trust of ITV between 2003 and 2020?
82% to 41%
590
What was the 2019 GE viewed as by broadcast media?
The ‘Brexit election’
591
What power does the media have regarding voting?
Power to shape what the public thinks when casting a vote
592
Name three journalists who became directors of communications for parties.
- Allistair Campbell (Blair) - Andy Coulson (Cameron) - Seamus Milne (Corbyn)
593
What story did the Daily Mirror and Guardian investigate in 2020 that became a lead story?
Whether Dominic Cummings broke lockdown rules
594
What did the print media do regarding the Cummings story?
Lead on the issue
595
What did more trusted broadcasters do regarding the Cummings story?
Followed the print media lead
596
What media influence led to the sacking of Suella Braverman?
Criticism of police regarding pro-palestine protests
597
How did George Galloway use the media in the Rochdale by-election 2024?
To put out his pro palestine views and appeal to Muslim voters
598
What was the circulation of The Sun in 2020?
1 - 000 - 000
599
What does OFCOM do?
Regulates the media in the UK
600
What is a requirement of the media according to OFCOM?
Balanced reporting
601
What is GB News an example of regarding balanced reporting?
Where this may not be the case as they hire mostly conservative MPs
602
What did Ofcom find GB News guilty of in March 2023?
Breaking impartiality rules in an interview with Jeremy Hunt
603
What was the focus of the Ofcom investigation into the Jeremy Hunt interview?
Discussion of HS2 - Cost of living crisis - Corporate tax etc
604
What did Ofcom find about the GB News coverage of these issues?
It was overwhelmingly reflective of Conservative Party viewpoints
605
How many complaints against GB News for breaching impartiality did Ofcom uphold in 2023?
Three
606
What is the GB News model that has broken previous boundaries?
Serving politicians as presenters
607
What ITV Drama re-exposed the Post Office scandal in January 2024?
“Mr Bates vs The Post Office”
608
What did the mass media coverage of the Post Office scandal cause the government to announce?
An upfront payment of £75k to postmasters
609
What did a 2015 election survey find was the strongest influence in helping people form an opinion?
Television (62%)
610
How many viewers watched the leaders' debate in 2010?
10 million
611
What did Keir Starmer dismiss in January 2024?
‘nonsense’ reports that he will duck TV debates
612
What did Starmer state about debating Sunak?
He is happy to debate
613
Why is Starmer happy to debate Sunak?
Doesn’t want to look like a weak leader
614
Who infamously refused to debate with Jeremy Corbyn in 2017?
Then PM Theresa May
615
How did Caroline Lucas summarise May's refusal to debate?
(the) first rule of leadership is to show up… You don't say it's the most important election of our lifetime and not be bothered to show up.
