Femenism Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What is feminism generally?
A
An ideology that aims for gender equality
2
Q
From which strand of feminism do core ideas about sex and gender largely stem?
A
Radical feminism
3
Q
What was the focus of first-wave feminism (1850s–1940s)?
A
Legal and political rights of women - like suffrage
4
Q
What was the focus of second-wave feminism (1960s–1980s)?
A
Different social roles expected of men and women
5
Q
Name some books associated with second-wave feminism?
A
The Second Sex - The Feminine Mystique - Sexual Politics
6
Q
What was the concern of third-wave feminism (1990s)?
A
Feminism’s failure to recognize concerns of women of other cultures
7
Q
Who wrote about the experiences of women of color in third-wave feminism?
A
bell hooks in Ain’t I a Woman
8
Q
What is fourth-wave feminism (2008 onwards) seen as a reaction against?
A
Online misogyny
9
Q
Give examples of online projects associated with fourth-wave feminism?
A
The Everyday Sexism Project and Project Unbreakable
10
Q
What do feminists argue about gender stereotypes despite biological differences?
A
There is no justification for them
11
Q
In what type of society are gender roles seen as keeping women inferior?
A
A patriarchal society
12
Q
What does ‘sex’ refer to according to feminists?
A
Biological differences between men and women
13
Q
Give examples of biological differences defining sex?
A
Body shape - size - sexual and reproductive organs
14
Q
What categories are used to classify sex?
A
Male and female
15
Q
What does ‘gender’ refer to according to feminists?
A
Social and cultural differences between men and women
16
Q
What categories are used to classify gender?
A
Masculine and feminine
17
Q
Do gender expectations remain the same across time and culture?
A
No - they differ
18
Q
Give examples of gendered roles traditionally associated with men?
A
Doctor - husband - boss
19
Q
Give examples of gendered roles traditionally associated with women?
A
Wife - nurse - secretary
20
Q
How are women traditionally seen in relation to men’s roles?
A
As caregivers and supporters
21
Q
Which sphere of gender roles do feminists identify as causing the most harm?
A
Gender roles in the home
22
Q
What did Sheryl Sandberg say about ‘bossy’ girls?
A
They should be told they have leadership skills
23
Q
What is a potential dispute regarding sex and gender?
A
Whether they are natural biological issues or not
24
Q
How could it be argued the state has played a role in sex and gender?
A
By passing laws against discrimination and promoting positive roles for women
25
What does the issue of sex and gender refer to for feminists?
How they see patriarchal society and how they want to change it
26
How has women's role in the economy changed as gender roles became less demarcated?
It has expanded
27
28
What do feminists identify patriarchy as?
A system run by and for men
29
Who identified six areas through which patriarchal ideas dominate society?
Sylvia Walby in Theorizing Patriarchy (1990)
30
What are the six areas of patriarchal dominance according to Walby?
The state - household - culture - sexuality - paid work - and violence
31
How has the state perpetuated patriarchy?
By denying women representation and underrepresenting them in power positions
32
How has the household perpetuated patriarchy?
By discouraging women from occupations outside the home
33
How has culture perpetuated patriarchy?
By reinforcing messages to women through media like adverts emphasizing domestic roles and unrealistic appearance expectations
34
How has sexuality perpetuated patriarchy?
By making women feel abnormal for sexual feelings while encouraging male sexuality
35
How has paid work perpetuated patriarchy?
By pushing women into low-paid - part-time - or assistant jobs
36
How has violence perpetuated patriarchy?
By domestic abuse historically being considered a private matter and not taken seriously
37
What do feminists challenge with the idea 'the personal is political'?
The idea that what goes on between men and women in private relationships is unrelated to the rest of society
38
What do feminists argue these 'private' issues were actually about?
Power and thus 'political'
39
What is 'the personal is political' a slogan of?
Second-wave feminism
40
What did second-wave feminism seek to challenge?
All of society's views about women - especially the public and private sphere
41
What do feminists reject regarding women's nature and roles?
The view that women are naturally suited to domestic roles and less capable than men
42
How do feminists argue the state perpetuates patriarchy?
By reinforcing patriarchal values and being dominated by men who legislate in their own interests
43
What distinction do feminists argue the state perpetuates?
The artificial distinction between private and public oppression
44
What type of feminists particularly want patriarchal society overthrown?
Radical feminists
45
Why do radical feminists want patriarchy overthrown?
They believe women will not be treated equally under any other conditions
46
What do feminists argue patriarchy is the reason for regarding women's roles and pay?
Historical restriction to the home and lower pay for traditionally female jobs
47
How do feminists seek to change society regarding the public/private distinction?
By removing it to enable the removal of oppression in the private sphere
48
Why do feminists believe women are restricted from economic equality with men?
Misconceptions that their key role should be at home
49
What do difference feminists argue about men's nature?
They are predisposed to oppress women
50
What do difference feminists argue for as a result?
A complete separation from men
51
How does the media perpetuate patriarchy according to feminists?
(This is not explicitly stated in the provided text - so the answer should reflect that) The provided text does not explicitly detail how the media perpetuates patriarchy.
52
53
What is the main distinction between equality and difference feminism?
Whether differences between men and women are relevant or innate
54
What do equality feminists believe about the differences between men and women?
They are irrelevant - and both are equally capable in all roles (except child-bearing)
55
What is another name for difference feminism?
Essentialism
56
What do difference feminists argue about the differences between men and women?
They are innate (natural)
57
What do difference feminists criticize equality feminism for?
Encouraging women to reject 'womanhood' and try to be like men
58
According to equality feminism - are men and women basically the same?
Yes
59
According to equality feminism - are male and female characteristics natural?
No - they are a result of nurture
60
What do equality feminists believe women should do regarding gender roles?
Throw them off and take an equal place alongside men
61
According to difference feminism - are men and women fundamentally different?
Yes
62
According to difference feminism - how do women approach things compared to men?
In a different way
63
What unique perspective do difference feminists believe women have?
Based on their role as creators of life
64
What do difference feminists encourage women to do?
Explore their own unique characteristics rather than act like men
65
What kind of world do difference feminists seek to create?
One where men and women's different characters are equally important
66
What do some extreme difference feminists argue for?
Men and women to live separately
67
When did intersectionality in feminism emerge?
In the 1980s
68
What did intersectionality criticize traditional feminism for?
Considering only white - middle-class women's concerns and ignoring others
69
What did intersectionality suggest feminism needed to embrace?
Women of different ethnicities - religions - and classes
70
Who identified the intersectionality movement among others?
bell hooks
71
What did bell hooks argue about the feminist movement up to that point?
It had left 'women of colour' and others feeling estranged
72
Why did these women feel estranged?
Their experience of oppression differed from that discussed by mainstream feminism
73
What does intersectionality refer to regarding feminism's evolution in society?
Traditional feminism ignored all but white - middle-class women
74
What economic aspect does intersectional feminism need to embrace?
The position of women in developing-world economies - which is worse than in the West
75
Why did bell hooks choose not to capitalize her name?
To focus on her work and ideas - not her personality
76
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What was liberal feminism initially associated with?
The demand for women's right to vote
78
What are core ideas of liberal feminism?
Individualism - equality of opportunity - foundational equality - reformist approach - and discrimination (not oppression)
79
What did liberal feminists like Betty Friedan believe women should have?
The freedom and chances to become autonomous individuals and fulfill their potential
80
What did Friedan discuss in The Feminine Mystique?
'The problem with no name' leading women to question their roles
81
What types of equality did Friedan fight for?
Legal - political - and equality of opportunity in education and work
82
What does socialist feminism believe is the root of gender inequality?
Economics and capitalism
83
What are core ideas of socialist feminism?
Eradication of capitalism - economic and social equality - radical/revolutionary change - and addressing marriage/family structures
84
Why do socialist feminists believe capitalism subordinates women?
To serve as a reserve army of labor - do free domestic work - reproduce/socialize children - and support husbands
85
How do socialist feminists believe women will be liberated?
Through a socialist revolution removing capitalism
86
What is socialist feminism's stance on societal change?
It requires fundamental or radical change - overthrowing capitalism
87
How do socialist feminists view marriage and family?
As key areas of women's oppression - leading to financial dependence
88
Who is a key thinker in socialist feminism?
Juliet Mitchell
89
How did early socialist feminism view the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy?
Capitalism creates patriarchy
90
How do modern socialist feminists like Mitchell view the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy?
They work side by side as dual systems of female oppression
91
In what four ways does Mitchell argue women are oppressed?
Reproduction - sexuality - socialisation of children - and production
92
What does Mitchell argue women should fight to create a classless society?
Both capitalism and patriarchy
93
When will women be truly free according to Mitchell?
When all four areas of oppression are transformed
94
Can Betty Friedan be considered a key thinker in both Liberalism and Liberal feminism?
Yes
95
96
How do radical feminists define society?
Solely as patriarchal
97
What do radical feminists believe is the biggest problem facing society?
Gender inequality
98
What unites radical feminists?
The insistence that patriarchy is the single source of female oppression
99
What views of feminism do radical feminists reject?
Liberal and socialist views that link feminism with other ideologies
100
How do radical feminists view patriarchy?
As an independent system of oppression
101
What do radical feminists believe is needed to remove patriarchy and free women?
A radical sexual revolution
102
What does the term 'the personal is political' highlight for radical feminists?
That patriarchy pervades every aspect of society
103
Who wrote about 'otherness' in relation to women?
Simone de Beauvoir
104
Whose work focused on sexuality from a radical feminist perspective?
Germaine Greer
105
Which radical feminist explored reproduction?
Shulamith Firestone
106
Who is known for their views on pornography?
Andrea Dworkin
107
Whose work brought attention to rape?
Susan Brownmiller
108
Which radical feminist analysed literature through a gender lens?
Kate Millett
109
Whose work addressed domestic violence?
Erin Pizzey
110
Which radical feminist examined beauty standards?
Naomi Wolf
111
What is the vast majority of radical feminists considered?
'Equality' radical feminists
112
What are some equality radical feminists' criticisms of difference feminists?
Giving men an excuse to restrict women and turning women away from feminism
113
What is another name for difference feminism?
Cultural feminism or essentialism
114
How do difference feminists view women's nature?
As distinct and female - not to be denied by imitating men
115
What do difference feminists encourage women to do?
Embrace their female values
116
What do difference feminists seek to create?
A world where different male and female characters are equally important
117
What do separatist feminists advocate?
Women separating themselves from men
118
Why do separatist feminists believe in separation?
They believe men are naturally predisposed to dominate women
119
What did Andrea Dworkin argue about pornography?
It was complicit in violence against women by encouraging male fantasies of domination
120
What did Dworkin passionately deny?
That she thought all men were rapists
121
What groundbreaking work did Erin Pizzey do?
On domestic violence
122
What did Pizzey found?
The first women’s refuge in Chiswick
123
What was the title of Pizzey's book on domestic violence?
Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear (1974)
124
What did Pizzey's book and accompanying documentary highlight?
Domestic violence and its being ignored by patriarchal society
125
126
What is post-modern feminism about?
Being different - with patriarchy appearing in varied ways based on race - class - or identity
127
What did post-modern feminism recognize regarding women's experiences?
It's impossible to generalize a single 'women's experience' due to vast differences
128
To what concept is post-modern feminism linked?
Intersectionality
129
What does intersectionality highlight?
Women of different backgrounds have uniquely different experiences of patriarchal oppression
130
What did bell hooks criticize about second-wave 'sisterhood'?
It gave voice to white - middle-class women but discouraged women of color from sharing different experiences
131
What is post-modern feminism about regarding women's definitions?
Women being able to define feminism for themselves
132
What did Richards and Baumgardner argue in Manifesta?
Each generation of young women would rediscover and re-establish feminism's meaning
133
What has the idea of post-modern feminism led to?
Many different interpretations of what being a 'feminist' is
134
What has this variety of interpretations caused?
A certain degree of conflicting views
135
What is one of the biggest areas of conflict in post-modern feminism?
Views towards nudity
136
What is one feminist perspective on public nudity?
It is degrading and oppressive to women
137
What is another feminist perspective on public nudity?
It is empowering - with women owning their bodies and sexuality
138
What is Femen known for?
Topless protests
139
What does Femen's website state about female nudity free of patriarchy?
It is a grave-digger of the system
140
What do other feminists believe about public displays of female nudity?
They play into the hands of patriarchy and only titillate men
141
What event involving Emma Watson highlighted the conflict over nudity and feminism?
A row over her semi-topless Vanity Fair cover
142
What was the origin of SlutWalk?
A protest against excusing sexual assault by referring to a woman's appearance after a police officer's suggestion
143
What is another area of conflict in post-modern feminism?
The wearing of a burqa - hijab - or other forms of dress by Muslim women
144
How do many feminists view these forms of dress?
As a sign of patriarchal oppression forced on women
145
How do some Muslim women view these forms of dress?
As freeing them from the oppressive focus on appearance of Western society
146
147
How do liberal feminists view patriarchy?
Not as systematic oppression - but as discrimination that will gradually be eradicated
148
How do liberal feminists view sex and gender?
As artificial distinctions; women are equally capable as men
149
How do liberal feminists view 'the personal is political'?
They reject it - focusing on discrimination in the public sphere
150
What type of feminism are most liberal feminists?
Equality feminists - believing in equal moral worth and rights
151
How do liberal feminists view intersectionality?
All women should be treated equally regardless of background
152
What is the approach of liberal feminists to societal change?
Reformist; gradual change through legal and societal adjustments
153
How do socialist feminists view patriarchy?
As systematic oppression primarily caused by capitalism - not just men
154
How do socialist feminists view sex and gender?
As gender stereotypes to be eradicated as capitalism needs women for unpaid labor and other functions
155
How do socialist feminists view 'the personal is political'?
They agree; women's domesticity serves capitalist reproduction
156
What type of equality do socialist feminists believe in?
Sexual and class equality; one is meaningless without the other
157
Who do socialist feminists believe must unite?
All women and working-class men to remove capitalism and patriarchy
158
What is the approach of socialist feminists to societal change?
Revolutionary; only economic and social revolution will work
159
How do radical feminists view patriarchy?
As the deepest - most politically important - systematic male power
160
How do radical feminists view sex and gender?
Gender roles are patriarchal constructs to subjugate women
161
How do radical feminists view 'the personal is political'?
They strongly agree; male domination suppresses women in public and private
162
What are the main divisions within radical feminism on equality?
Most are equality feminists; some are difference feminists who reject replicating male behavior
163
How do radical feminists view intersectionality?
All women are equally oppressed by patriarchy - though in different ways
164
What is the approach of radical feminists to societal change?
Revolutionary; a social revolution is needed to eradicate entrenched patriarchal values
165
How do post-modern feminists view patriarchy?
As pervasive but mutating based on class - ethnicity - and religion
166
How do post-modern feminists view sex and gender?
Gender roles are societal constructs differing for various groups of women
167
How do post-modern feminists view 'the personal is political'?
They support the radical view but see 'politics' in a wider context of power imbalance
168
What type of equality do post-modern feminists believe in?
Equality feminists; different experiences are crucial to understanding oppression
169
How do post-modern feminists view intersectionality?
Different groups of women experience different types of oppression
170
What is the approach of post-modern feminists to societal change?
They agree with radical feminists that oppression needs eradication - including by class and ethnicity
171
What do all feminists agree on (according to the table)?
(This is not explicitly stated in the provided table - so the answer should reflect that) The provided table does not explicitly state what all feminists agree on.
172
173
Who was Charlotte Perkins Gilman?
An American socialist feminist
174
What can Gilman be used to discuss?
Socialist feminism - patriarchy - sex and gender roles - personal is political - economy and society
175
What did Gilman argue about societal pressure and gender stereotyping?
It starts in childhood and is wrong; boys and girls shouldn't be pushed into different roles
176
What did Gilman believe was at the heart of women's oppression?
Their economic dependence on husbands
177
Who was Simone de Beauvoir?
A writer and political activist
178
What can de Beauvoir be used to discuss?
Sex and gender roles - human nature - patriarchy and society
179
What did de Beauvoir argue about socialisation and becoming a woman?
'One is not born - but rather becomes - a woman'
180
What concept did de Beauvoir develop regarding men and women?
Otherness: men are the norm and women are 'other'
181
Who was Kate Millett?
A radical feminist
182
What is Sexual Politics credited with launching?
Radical feminism
183
What did Millett analyse the role of in patriarchy?
The traditional family
184
What can Millett be used to discuss?
Patriarchy - radical feminism - society and the personal is political
185
What did Millett argue about the family and patriarchal values?
The family and other influences reinforce them - teaching girls their 'role'
186
What did Millett argue about the portrayal of women in art and literature?
Patriarchal culture degrades women - language of sex subjugates them - and women are silenced commodities
187
Who is bell hooks?
An American author and social activist
188
What did hooks campaign for?
The cultural concerns of women of color to be heard in mainstream feminism
189
What can hooks be used to discuss?
Intersectionality - society - patriarchy - sex and gender roles and human nature
190
What did hooks argue about gender and socialisation?
Children are forced into unnatural gender boxes
191
What did hooks argue about mainstream radical feminism?
It ignores women's different cultural and class experiences
192
Who is Sheila Rowbotham?
A socialist feminist
193
What did Rowbotham argue was part of female oppression?
Capitalism
194
What can Rowbotham be used to discuss?
Economy - society - patriarchy and socialist-feminism
195
What did Rowbotham argue about sexism and capitalism?
Sexism predates capitalism but they are closely linked - needing a 'revolution within a revolution'
196
How did Rowbotham view the family in a capitalist economy?
As a refuge for men from alienation - while women are oppressed economically and culturally
