Composition of human diet

Question 1

What is nutrition?

Answer 1

Study of processed by which body recieves and uses material for gorwth and survival

Question 2

Why does food provide energy?

Answer 2

Basal body activities - hear beat, muscle tone, body temp
Cover expenditure of energy in simple activities - sitting standing
Work activities - energy occupation dependant

Question 3

Why is energy-body weight high in children?

Answer 3

Expand energy in everyday activities and for growth, intake of food suffiecient for metabolic needs

Question 4

What are essential components of diet?

Answer 4

Carbohydrate CHO
Protein
Fat lipid
Water
Vitamins ADEKBC
Minerals g/day

Question 5

what is the recommended adult daily intake?

Answer 5

2500 for men

2000 kcal for women

Question 6

What are current daily recommendations?

Answer 6

Protein 10%
Fat <35%
Carbs 50%
Dieatary fibres 30g

Question 7

What are proteins?

Answer 7

Chains of 20 AA , 8/9 are essential

Question 8

What is protein needed for?

Answer 8

Degraded and used for energy daily

AA not stored in body to manufacture proteins to repair and build tissue and synthesise enzymes and hormones

Question 9

What is the nutritional value of protein?

Answer 9

Depends on nature of AA - some readily synthesised in body from ammonia and carbon compounds
others need to be supplied in diet

Question 10

What are the essential AA?

Answer 10

TV TILL PM

Tryptophan, valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, lysin, phenylanine and methionine

Question 11

What is the essential AA in children?

Answer 11

Histidine

Question 12

What foods can protein be found in?

Answer 12

Complete proteins in animals - meat fish eggs and milk

Partial proteins from gains, legumes and vegatables becos they lack essential aa

Question 13

What is kwashiorkor or marasmus a disease of?

Answer 13

Severe protein defiency - where total protein is deficience , causes depression, weight loss, oedemous, plasma albumin low, skin and hair problems

Question 14

After physical injury, why do patients lose nitrogen?

Answer 14

increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones , patients need high protein and energy diets to restore losses

Question 15

What does dietary fat consist of?

Answer 15

Triglycerides which are triesters of glycerols and fatty acids

Question 16

What are the fatty acids like?

Answer 16

Saturated SUFA
monounsat MUFA
polyunsat PUFA

Question 17

What are 2 families of PUFA?

Answer 17

Omega 6 (proflammatory) and 3(anti-inflammatory) from linoleic acid

Question 18

What is more unsaturated animals or veg?

Answer 18

Veg is as they are more liquids and animals more solid

Question 19

What does dietart fats contribute to?

Answer 19

CHD disease to manipulate plasma fat

Question 20

Why is fat needed?

Answer 20

High energy value and vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins and has essential fatty acids - palatibility of food

Question 21

What are the 3 unsaturated fatty acids that cant be synthesized by tissuw?

Answer 21

omega 6,3 and eicosapentaenoic acid

Question 22

Wher can essential fatty acid defiency be found?

Answer 22

With severe malabsorption after intestinal surgery

in animals - scaling and exudative skin lesions appear when unsat fatty a are absent from diet

Question 23

What does linoleic acid form?

Answer 23

Prostaglandins for local functions

Question 24

What is recommended fat for women and men?

Answer 24

W 78g

M 97g

Question 25

What can omega 3 do?

Answer 25

found in oily fish reduce blood tg levels reduce fatal heart attacks

Question 26

Where can carbs be found?

Answer 26

Vegetables cereals pulses in form of plant starch polysac and sugars monosacc milk fruits and dietary fibre

Question 27

What are carbs used for?

Answer 27

``` energy sources, as skeletons for synthesising non essential aa prevent ketosis (excessive metabolism of fats to ketones) ```

Question 28

Why is a carb a protein sparer?

Answer 28

carb is metabolised instead of protein to preserve functional proteins of cells

Question 29

What is fibre?

Answer 29

Non-starch polysacc | components ofplans which cant be digested

Question 30

What can a fibre-depleted diet result in?

Answer 30

intestinal malfunction and colonic carcinoma

Question 31

What is insoluble fibre?

Answer 31

non digested plant cell wall - bulks intestinal contents to stimulate peristalsis by distension and decrease faecal transmit time

Question 32

What does insoluble fibres reduce?

Answer 32

Risk of bowel cancers and diverticulitis

Question 33

Where is soluble fibre found?

Answer 33

Fruit, veg, pulses and it lowers blood cholesterols and protects against cv disease and controls blood glucose - 18g/day

Question 34

What are vitamins important for?

Answer 34

Metabolic processes

Question 35

What happens without vitamins?

Answer 35

biochemical breakdowns, lesions develop

Question 36

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 36

ADEK

Question 37

What are water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 37

B complex and C

Question 38

What do minerals do?

Answer 38

NA,C,CL,CA,FE,PH,I,MG | normal functioning of the body and act as catalyst for enzymes

Question 39

how much body weight loss without permenant damage?

Answer 39

25%

Question 40

Why is rapid weight loss dangerous?

Answer 40

Disturbances in electrolyte balances NA K CL - important for nerve and muscle function and at worst result in heart failure

Question 41

How many people in uk are obese?

Answer 41

68% men >20% of BW fat | 58% women >30% of BW fat

Question 42

What is excess mortality of obese deaths?

Answer 42

20%

Question 43

What happens in hunger?

Answer 43

Instinctive phenomenon - sense of emptiness

Question 44

What happens in appetite?

Answer 44

desire for food - learned phenomenon

Question 45

What is satiety?

Answer 45

when stomach is full with food from filling meal

Question 46

what is intake of food controlled by?

Answer 46

Neural mechanisms in hypothalamus

Question 47

What does lateral hypothalamus contain?

Answer 47

If stimulated causes food intake - feeding centre

Question 48

What does ventromedial hypothalamus contain?

Answer 48

If stumulated, causes cessation of feeding - satiety centre

Question 49

What can influence feeding and satiety centre?

Answer 49

Higher brain centres by strong emotion or anorexia result in starvation

Question 50

What do brain stem centres control?

Answer 50

Mechanisms of eating

Question 51

What is gastro intestinal regulation?

Answer 51

immediate effects of eating on GI filling initiate inhibitory signals to supress feeding centre can be ghrelin or cck or nutritional - ensures eat at stage GI can cope with

Question 52

What is nutritional long term regulation?

Answer 52

nutrient stores of the body fall below normal feeding centre is active, influenced by availability of glucose to cells, adipose and thermal effets

Question 53

What can availaibilty of glucose to cells do?

Answer 53

Fall in BG conc to do with hunger, BG is high when your full | availibilty of glucose to cell determines feeding rather than levels

Question 54

Why does adipose tissue control feeding?

Answer 54

secretes hormone leptin which surpresses appetite - produce of ob gene and expressed in adipocytes chemically 167 AA - correlates with body fat, some adipose maintained, obese reduced brain sensitivity to leptin

Question 55

What do thermal effects do?

Answer 55

intake of food becos of metabolic activity rising and heat production increasing known as SDA