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NE > Mouth and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Mouth and Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What type of muscle and fibre are Lips and cheeks made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle in elasto-fibro CT

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2
Q

What is the oral cavity lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium, slightly keritanised on gums tongue hard palate for protection

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3
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle, interspersed with glands and covered with mucous membranes

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4
Q

How is the tongue intrinsic and extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic - to change shape

Extrinsic - allow movement

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5
Q

What is the position of the oesophagus?

A

Posterior, passes down midline of thorax through diaphargm at oesophageal hiatus ‘gap’ to enter abdomnen.

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6
Q

Where does the oesophagus recieve innervation from?

A

vagus nerve , 10th cranial

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7
Q

Describe layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa - nonkeritanised stratified squamous as transit passage
Submucos - mucous secreting glands
Muscularis - skeletal, transitional, smooth
Serosa - is fibrous CT instead

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8
Q

What happens to the mucosa of oesophagus longitudinal folds?

A

Flatten out when filled

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9
Q

What are the 2 oesophageal sphincters?

A

Hypopharyngeal sphincter of skeletal muscle (upper)

Lower gastro-oesophageal or cardiac sphincter - has high pressure

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10
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

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11
Q

How is taste detected?

A

detects chemicals in saliva solution by use of chemoreceptors - taste buds

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12
Q

What does taste have a strong relationship with?

A

Olfaction - smell

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13
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A 
Sour - acid h+ content
Salt - metal ions, Na modifies saltiness
Bitter - plant alkaloids such as caffeine
Sweet - mono-di saccharides, sugars
Umami - glutamate content meatiness
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14
Q

Can all taste buds detect all taste?

A

Yes, but sensitive to 1

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15
Q

What is the position of 5 tastes on the tongue?

A

Tip - sweet
Sides of tip - salty
Back - bitter
Sides - sour

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16
Q

How many taste buds on tongue and where?

A

10,000 taste buds on epithelium on papillae

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17
Q

What are the 4 papillae and where are they based?

A

Filiform - not involved
Fungiform - mushroom on dorsal surface
Foliate - leaf on tip and sides
Circumvallate - grooved anterior/posterior

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18
Q

What do taste buds contain?

A

40-100 basal stems cells and gustatory

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19
Q

How often are taste buds replaced?

A

7-10 days by division of basal stem cells

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20
Q

Where are microvilli?

A

are the receptor membrane, project through taste pore to surface in saliva

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21
Q

What neurones are around gustatory cells?

A

Dendrites of sensory nerves - for brain perception of taste

22
Q

What happens to taste?

A

Substance in saliva
enters taste pore attached to membrane
depolarisation of taste cell
neurotransmitter release to stimulate sensory neurone
neural path to brain 7 9 10 cranial
Impulses to tractus soliatarius of medulla to thalamus to parietal cortex

23
Q

What disorders of the taste are there?

A

Aguestia - loss of taste could be from medication causing neuronal damage
Alterations in taste perception drug induced
Genetic deficiences - phenlythiourea cant taste bitter

24
Q

What are 3 major pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual and numerous glands through mucosa

25
Q

What type of secretions do each gland do?

A

Parotid - serous, water, a-amylase
Submandibular - seriousm mucous, weak a-amylase and lysozyme
Sublingual - mucous, thick viscous

26
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

> 99% water
<1% solids, ions
50+ proteins such as a-amylase, mucins, lysosome, immunoglobulins

27
Q

What is PH of saliva?

A

6.2-8

28
Q

What are flow rates of saliva and how much produced daily?

A

0.05 sleep
0.5 - 7ml at rest
1/2 L daily

29
Q

Why is saliva needed?

A

For lubrication, movement, chewing, swallowing, taste sensation
Thirst, speech, chemical balance for tooth enamel

30
Q

What does saliva digest?

A

A-amylase hydrolyses a-14 glyogosidic link of starch

31
Q

What does saliva protect from?

A

Bacteriostatic , mucins, iga

32
Q

How does saliva help dissolve absorbale drug?

A

glyceryl trinitrate - escapes first pass metabolism

33
Q

What are disorders of salivary glands?

A

Mumps = infection of parotid by myxovirus

Xerostomia - dry mouth, people on medication, autoimmune, diabetes, age atrophy

34
Q

What can lack of saliva do?

A

Make swallowing difficult
lead to problems with halitosis, gum disease, mouth infections, digestion not impaired if sufficient a-amylase from pancreas

35
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

36
Q

How are teeth adapted to function?

A

Incisors - chisel for cutting, nipping
Canines - tearing, piercing
Molars for grinding crushing

37
Q

When chewing how is jaw and tongue controlled?

A

Touch and pressure receptors in oral cavity and stretch receptors in muscles

38
Q

What is the process of chewing?

A

up and down - biting of incisors
Side to side - crushing by molars
= mixing food with saliva to lubricate to allow taste

39
Q

What is the max force generated by muscles for chewing?

A

250N to 900 N

40
Q

Why is occulusal contact of molars important?

A

Determining efficiency of chewing

41
Q

What are jaw movements involved with?

A

voluntary, involve cerebral cortex and skeletal muscle

42
Q

What is bite strength controlled by?

A

sensory receptors in teeth signals to brain stem to stop/reduce

43
Q

What does the tongue move with?

A

Lower jaw, shape alters to collect food in tongue until food ground, tongue moves bolus to swallowing

44
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

45
Q

What kind of movement occurs with food processed?

A

voluntary to involuntary

46
Q

What are 3 phases of swallwing?

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, oesophageal

47
Q

What happens in voluntary phase?

A

tongue seperates food into bolus and moves back and up to back of mouth

48
Q

What happens in pharyngeal phase?

A

food into pharynx activate pressure receptor in palate and impulses in trigem and glossophar nerve to medulla cause elevation of soft palate, impulses from swallow centre inhibit respiration closes glottis, bolus tilts epiglottis back, sphincter opens by contraction, bolus passes and closes, glottis open breathing resumes

49
Q

What happens in the oesophageal phase?

A

food moves down by peristalsis of circ SM by relaxationm progress by autonomic vagus nerve by swallow centre, as wave moves down, lower sphincter relaxes allow food to enter and close to prevent reflux

50
Q

What increase the tone of sphincter and when?

A

Increased gastrin when stomach is filled

51
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty of swallowing

52
Q

What are disroderds of deglutition?

A

Damage to cranial nerve or medulla swallow centre
degenerative disease of skeletal muscle -myasthenia gravis, polio dystrophy, defects in autonomic nerves e.g chagas diseases by trypan infection, achalsasia
Swallow reflex inactive, hiatus hernia, diffuse oesopha spasm, thick sm, GORD - reflux disease heartburn

NE (17 decks)

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