Glucose Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

All chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

What is catabolism?

Answer 2

breaking down complex molecules - exergonic as release energy

Question 3

What is catabolic reactions important in?

Answer 3

Glycolysis , TCA cycle and electron transport chain

Question 4

What is anabolism?

Answer 4

Endergonic, building complex molecules so requires energy

Question 5

What are metabolic reactions controlled by?

Answer 5

enzymes

Question 6

Do molecules have a infinite lifespan?

Answer 6

Nope, they all undergo catabolism

Question 7

How do cells take up energy from their enviroment?

Answer 7

Through diet as provides a range of molecules needed as building blocks for key process

Question 8

How do cells synthesize macromolecules?

Answer 8

energy generated from diet used

Question 9

what are the 3 fates of nutrients?

Answer 9

Supply energy
Serve as building blocks
Stored for future use

Question 10

what is the molecule used for energy transfer?

Answer 10

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Question 11

What bonds of ATP have high chemical potential energy?

Answer 11

Phosphoanhydride bonds of atp

Question 12

is ATP an energy source?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

What is lifespan of ATP molecule?

Answer 13

1 MIN

Question 14

What does anabolic reactions transfer energy from - to?

Answer 14

From ATP to complex molecules

Question 15

What does catabolic reactions transfer energy from-to?

Answer 15

from complex molecules to ATP

Question 16

What is an e.g of complex molecules?

Answer 16

Glycogen
proteins
triglycerides

Question 17

What are sources of carbohydrate?

Answer 17

Starch - glucose , plants
Glycogen - animals glucose
Lactose - glucose to galactose
Sucrose - glucose to fructose

Question 18

What is the only mechanism in the body that can make energy without oxygen?

Answer 18

Glucose metabolism

Question 19

What is glucose a major substrate for?

Answer 19

Cellular respirations

Question 20

What does fate of glucose depend on?

Answer 20

ATP production
AA synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis

Question 21

Where/To does glucose move in body?

Answer 21

Intestinal lumen to cytosol to blood

Question 22

What is cellular uptake facilitated by?

Answer 22

Glucose transports

Question 23

What transporters do most tissues use?

Answer 23

GLUT 2 - low km, and not affected by insulin

Question 24

What does low km mean?

Answer 24

low concentration level to activate

Question 25

What transporters do hepatocytes use?

Answer 25

GLUT 2 - regulated by insulin and high km

Question 26

What happens to glucose upon entering a cell?

Answer 26

Phosphorylated

Question 27

What uses GLUT 4?

Answer 27

Striated muscle and adipose tissue

Question 28

Where is glut4 inserted?

Answer 28

PM in response to insulin

Question 29

What is glycolysis?

Answer 29

10 reactions | splits 6 carbon glucose into 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 30

Where is glycolysis carried out?

Answer 30

Cytosol to generate energy

Question 31

What does fructose 1,6, biphosphate split into and uses what enzyme?

Answer 31

Aldolase - intro | dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 32

How many ATP invested in glycolysis?

Answer 32

2 ATPS

Question 33

What are 4 molecules of ATP generated for?

Answer 33

2 for each 3-carbon molecule

Question 34

In step 6 what other 2 molecules generated?

Answer 34

NADH, H+

Question 35

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 35

Oxidation of glucose to produce atp

Question 36

What is biochemical reaction for glycolysis?

Answer 36

Glucose oxidised, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced - production of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

Question 37

What is biochemical reaction for acetyl coenzyme a?

Answer 37

Transition to prepare pyruvic acid for entry to tca cycle, produces NADH, H, CO2

Question 38

What is biochemical pathways for tca krebs cycle?

Answer 38

oxidises acetyl coenzyme a and produced atp, co2, nadh, h, fadh2

Question 39

What is biochemical for electron transport chain?

Answer 39

Oxidises nadh, h, fadh2 and transfers electrons through electrons carriers, atp produced by atpsynthase

Question 40

What does fate of pyruvate depend on?

Answer 40

Oxygen availability

Question 41

What happens to pyruvic acid with oxygen?

Answer 41

acetyl coenzyme a and enters tca cycle

Question 42

What happens to pyruvic acid when no oxygen?

Answer 42

Reduced to lactic acid

Question 43

What is galactose converted at?

Answer 43

Glucose - 6 - phosphate, multistep pathway

Question 44

What is fructose converted at?

Answer 44

Phosphorylated by hexokinase in muscle and adipose to fructose-6-phosphate

Question 45

What tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose?

Answer 45

Blood 120g | Erythrocytes 40g

Question 46

What 3 steps in glycolysis irreversible due to atp ?

Answer 46

hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase

Question 47

How are the key enzymes regulated?

Answer 47

Allosteric effects of metabolites - feedback due to build up of amp Hormonal actions - enzyme modify ST, induction of enzyme LT

Question 48

What does liver do?

Answer 48

Act as body sink for glucose stores glucose site for glucenogensis

Question 49

What does pancreas to?

Answer 49

Pancreatic amylases and bicarbonate to aid carb digestions, produces insulin and glucagon

Question 50

What is hexokinase?

Answer 50

Universal, unaffected by insulin, low km, inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate

Question 51

what activates fructose-6-phosphate?

Answer 51

AMP | Insulin

Question 52

What inhibits fructose-6-phosphate?

Answer 52

ATP, Citrate, glucagon

Question 53

What activates phosphenolpyruvate?

Answer 53

Fruct,1,6,biph | insulin

Question 54

What inhibits phosphonenolpyruvate?

Answer 54

ATP, Coenzyme a, glucagon

Question 55

what are 2 peptide hormones for blood sugar?

Answer 55

Insulin - lowers blood glucose | Glucagon - increases blood glucose

Question 56

what regulates level of peptide hormones?

Answer 56

Glucose concentrations