conflict

Question 1

how is conflict resolved?

Answer 1

aggression

Question 2

what is the conditional strategy of conflict?

Answer 2

depends on what the other does, hawk (fight) or dove (retreat)

Question 3

what is scramble competition?

Answer 3

scramble for scattered resources

Question 4

what is contest competition?

Answer 4

compete for a single resource

Question 5

what is spiteful competition?

Answer 5

compete to ensure no one else gets resources

Question 6

what is the best predictor of warfare?

Answer 6

a high proportion of young men in the population

Question 7

what are three reasons warfare may occur?

Answer 7

• access to mates
• access to resources
• destruction of rivals

Question 8

what is parochialism?

Answer 8

ingroup favouritsm

Question 9

what is xenophobia?

Answer 9

outgroup hostility

Question 10

what are parochialism and xenophobia products of?

Answer 10

cultural group selection

Question 11

what is the path analysis to calculate relatedness (r)?

Answer 11

trace pedigree from actor to recipient

Question 12

how much of a parents gene is passed on to offspring?

Answer 12

0.5

Question 13

how is the probability of sharing a gene calculated?

Answer 13

product of independent probabilities and sum of separate paths

Question 14

what does parental investment increase for offspring?

Answer 14

chances of survival

Question 15

what is the cost of parental investment?

Answer 15

investment into other offspring

Question 16

what are the 3 trade-offs of parental investment?

Answer 16

• parenting energy can’t be used for other functions
• invest in current or future offspring?
• quality vs quantity

Question 17

what does the r/k theory reflect?

Answer 17

the quality vs quantity trade off

Question 18

what does ‘r’ represent in r/k theory?

Answer 18

intrinsic rate of growth

Question 19

what does ‘k’ represent in r/k theory?

Answer 19

carrying capacity of the environment

Question 20

what are the 2 parental biases?

Answer 20

• adjusting level of investment
• goal to produce grandchildren

Question 21

why do grandparents live past reproductive years?

Answer 21

to care for the grandchildren

Question 22

what is the order of grandparent investment levels?

Answer 22

1. maternal grandmother (MoMo) MOST
2. maternal grandfather (MoFa)
3. paternal grandmother (FaMo)
4. paternal grandfather (FaFa) LEAST

Question 23

what is neoteny?

Answer 23

retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood

Question 24

what does cuteness elicit?

Answer 24

parental investment

Question 25

what does cuteness act as?

Answer 25

a proximate mechanism for extracting care, it is adaptive

Question 26

what are 3 in utero conflicts with the mother?

Answer 26

- spontaneous abortion - pregnancy sickness - competition for blood

Question 27

what are 3 post natal conflicts with the mother?

Answer 27

- offspring quality - burden of twins - young single women and abortion

Question 28

what are ill omens?

Answer 28

offspring with deformities

Question 29

what is daly & wilson's 'cinderella effect'?

Answer 29

step parents are more likely to abuse and kill offspring

Question 30

what are 3 things leading to paternity uncertainty?

Answer 30

- infant appearance - infanticide - scheduling investment

Question 31

what is selective infanticide?

Answer 31

trivers-willard hypothesis (1973)

Question 32

what is the trivers willard hypothesis (1973)?

Answer 32

invest more in males when parent in good condition and more in females when parent in poor condition

Question 33

what is chastity guarding?

Answer 33

reproductive parental control

Question 34

what are 6 reasons for aggression?

Answer 34

- co-opt resources - defence - intrasexual competition - dominance and status - deterrence of aggression - intersexual coercion

Question 35

what 3 instances may cause aggression to occur in intersexual competition?

Answer 35

- sexual jealousy - mate guarding - threatening rivals

Question 36

what did buss et al (1982) discover about sexual infidelity?

Answer 36

60% males found sexual infidelity distressing compared to 17% females

Question 37

what did buss et al (1982) discover about emotional infidelity?

Answer 37

83% females found emotional infidelity distressing compared to 40% males

Question 38

what is rape proposed as in intersexual competition?

Answer 38

a conditional mating strategy

Question 39

how many homicides are committed by men?

Answer 39

80%

Question 40

why are men most likely to kill women?

Answer 40

sexual jealousy and loss

Question 41

what is daly & wilson's (1988) slip up hypothesis?

Answer 41

men exert too much coercive violence and accidentally kill the woman

Question 42

why are men most likely to kill men?

Answer 42

reputation and risk-taking and intrasexual competition

Question 43

what are young men most likely to be victims of?

Answer 43

aggression

Question 44

what tendency to kill did buss (2005) say men have?

Answer 44

context dependent tendency

Question 45

what did yanomamo (1967) discover about warriors?

Answer 45

successful warriors have more offspring

Question 46

what is rousseau's myth?

Answer 46

society without violence

Question 47

who do chimps have a comparable level of lethal aggression to?

Answer 47

human hunter gatherers

Question 48

what did wragham, wilson & muller discover about non-lethal violence in chimps?

Answer 48

it is 2-3x higher in chimps

Question 49

what did wilson et al (2014) discover about chimp behaviour?

Answer 49

chimps partake in warfare