Connective Tissue

Question 1

How is connective tissue classified ?

Answer 1

based on the types of cells and the mature of the ECM

Question 2

Where is connective tissue found ?

Answer 2

usually found under the epithelial tissues as a supporting tissue

Question 3

What are the primary functions of connective tissue ?

Answer 3

has a space filling role and a supportive role in bone, cartilage, and dense connective tissue

Question 4

What are the two parts of the ECM

Answer 4

fibers and ground substances

Question 5

What are the fibers in the ECM

Answer 5

collagen, reticular or elastic

Question 6

What can the ground substance be made of in the ECM ?

Answer 6

glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin), glycosaminoglcyans (chondroitin sulfate, keratane sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) and proteoglycans

Question 7

What type of stain stains collagen fibers pink-red

Answer 7

eosin

Question 8

What are collagen fibrils made of ?

Answer 8

tropocollagen aranged with a gap between then and a lag between the rows which forms a periodic banding of the fibril

Question 9

What is tropocollagen composed of

Answer 9

3 glycoprotein alpha chains in a left handed triple helix

Question 10

What are the 4 types of collagens ?

Answer 10

type 1-bone, skin, tendon, ligaments
type 2- hyaline cartilage
type 3- reticular fibers
type 4- basement membrane

Question 11

Reticular fibers

Answer 11

type III collagen fibrils, form a mesh like network, supporting structures for adipocytes, muscle cells, small blood vessels hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues

Question 12

What does the staining of reticular fibers look like ?

Answer 12

eosin (red)
PAS (red)
silver salts (black) argyrophylic fibers

Question 13

Elastic fibers

Answer 13

form a branching network
found in elastic cartilage, elastic arteries and elastic ligaments
produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Question 14

What are the two components of elastic fibers

Answer 14

elastin central core and fibrilin microfibrils around the core embedded into the elast

Question 15

Lesion of the fibrillin gene results in what

Answer 15

marfans syndrome

Question 16

staining of elastic fiers

Answer 16

eosin red
orcein brown
resourcin fuchsin-bluish grey

Question 17

What forms reticular fibers

Answer 17

fibroblasts smooth muscle cells and scwann cells

Question 18

what forms type 1 collagen

Answer 18

fibroblasts and osteoblasts

Question 19

What are the symptoms of Mafans syndrome

Answer 19

chest deformity
long arms
arachnodactyly
aorta can rupture

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Answer 20

mutations affecting collagen polypeptide chains, hyperflexibility of the joints, hyperextensibility of the skin, vascular and organ rupture in the most serious cases

Question 21

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 21

genetic mutations of the genes that assemble type I collagen, fragile bones, severalforms according to the damaged genes. most severe form is type II which involves abnomrally small and fragile rib cage

Question 22

What are the three morphologic classifications of connective tissue

Answer 22

embryonic connective tissue, connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

Question 23

What are the two kinds of embryonic connective tissue

Answer 23

mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

Question 24

Specialized connective tissue is representative by

Answer 24

adipose tissue, blood, bone, cartilage, hemopoietic tissue and lymphatic tissue

Question 25

connective tissue proper has two subtypes what are they ?

Answer 25

dense connective tisse and loose connective tissue

Question 26

characteristics of embryonic connective tissue

Answer 26

few star or spindle shaped cells forming a network gap junctions bind them together extracellular space is filled with HUGE amts of viscious ground stubstance

Question 27

mesenchyme embryonic connective tissue

Answer 27

primitive pluripotent connective tissue capable of turning into other tissue types cellls: pluripotential mesemchymal cells

Question 28

mucous connective tissue of embryonic ct

Answer 28

found in the umbilical cord cells: fibroblasts and few mesenchymal cells more space Wharton's Jelly

Question 29

What are the general characteristics of dense connective tissue

Answer 29

few fibroblasts little ground substance large amount of collagen fiberss between them

Question 30

What are the characteristics of dense REGULAR connective tissue ?

Answer 30

fibers are arranged in parallel array present in tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments some ligaments contain large amount of elastic fibers instead of collagen: "elastic connective tissue"

Question 31

What are the characteristics of dense IRREGULAR connective tissue

Answer 31

fibers arranged in bundles in every direction present in submucosea of hollow organs cells are fibroblasts

Question 32

Characteristics of fibroblasts

Answer 32

star shaped cells with elogated disk like nucleus synthesize fibers and ground substance developed RER (basophilic cytoplasm

Question 33

Characteristics of myofibroblasts

Answer 33

contain contractile elements lack basal lamina located in the loose connective tissue involved in regulating the shape and emptying of the glands and wound contraction and closure

Question 34

Characteristics of loose connective tisue

Answer 34

loosely arranged fibers found beneth epithelial in the lamina propria mucosase contains blood cells can undergo significant swelling

Question 35

What are the transient cell population in loose connective tissues

Answer 35

lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 36

white adipocytes

Answer 36

single fat drop filling the cytoplasm, ring shaped cytoplasm and flat peripheral nucleus

Question 37

brown adipocytes

Answer 37

several fat droplets in cytoplasm, brown pigment characteristic for newborns (rapid energy release)

Question 38

Macrophages

Answer 38

irregular shape, rounded nucleus, ingested material in cytoplasm, large golgi and RER, may for langhan cells by fusion

Question 39

mast cells

Answer 39

``` large rounded with sperical nucleus basophil granules located next to small vessels resemble basophils tuloidin blue stains the granules metachromatically responsible for anaphylatic reactions ```

Question 40

what is the function of heparan sulfate and heparain

Answer 40

blocks coagulation, responsible for basophila

Question 41

what is action o histamine, SRS-A

Answer 41

vasodilation and edema

Question 42

What are the function of eosinophil chemotactic factor and neutrophil chemotactic factor

Answer 42

cell attraction

Question 43

mesenchymal cells

Answer 43

star or spindle shaped cells pluripotent located around vessels

Question 44

lymphocytes

Answer 44

inteinsely staining, indented spherical nucleus, cytoplasm is thin and has a pale basophilic ring (T B and NK cells)

Question 45

Where are NK cells found

Answer 45

bone marrow

Question 46

Plasma cells

Answer 46

derived from B cells, antibody producing, heterachromatin in nucleus has the pattern of cartwheel or clock face

Question 47

neutrophils

Answer 47

capable of migration, granules, nucleus is multilobed

Question 48

eosinophils

Answer 48

named after the large eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm, typically bilobed

Question 49

basophils

Answer 49

large basophilic granules in the cytoplasm, nucleus obscurred by the granules, closely related to mast cells of the connective tissue