Connective Tissue Flashcards
(185 cards)
0
Q
concave moving on convex then the roll and glide are in blank direction
A
the same
1
Q
we always blank in the direciton of the intended motion
A
roll
2
Q
convex moving on concave then roll and glide are in blank direction
A
opposite
3
Q
cartilage that wears away with osteoarthritis
A
hyaline
4
Q
this cartilage is in tmj and has a healing property
A
fibrocartilage
5
Q
tendons and ligaments are made by blank
A
dense regular ct
6
Q
these resist shear forces
A
bursa
7
Q
shear means blank
A
friction
8
Q
ground substance of ct
A
interfibrillar
9
Q
fibrous components of ct
A
fibrillar
10
Q
basic cell of most ct
A
fibroblast
11
Q
fibroblasts may become blank
A
chondroblast, osteoblast, tenoblast
12
Q
cells may blank depending on environment and stimulus
A
de-differentiation
13
Q
two hydrated proteins in interfibrillar extracellular matrix
A
proteoglycans, glycoproteins
14
Q
proportion of pgs in extracellular matrix effects blank
A
hydration
15
Q
gags are blank charged such that a concentration of negatively charged pgs creates a swelling pressure = water flows into the extraceullar matrix
A
negatively
16
Q
blank fibers resist and contain swelling by resisting compressive forces
A
collagen
17
Q
tissues subjected to high compression forces have a blank pg content and those that resist tensile loads have a blank content
A
high, low
18
Q
pgs look like chemistry blank
A
bottle brushes
19
Q
gags look like blank
A
bristles of bottle brush
20
Q
2 major fibrillar components
A
collagen, elastin
21
Q
most abundant protein in the body
A
collagen
22
Q
type of cartilage predominantly in tendons, menisci, and jiont capsules
A
type 1
23
Q
type of cartilage predominatly in hyaline articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus of disk
A
type 2
24
yellow fibrous tissue that has properties allowing the fibers to deform under force and return to original state
elastin
25
elastin is blank in proportion to collagen in ct
smaller
26
dense connective tissue in tendon and ligament
parallel
27
humans and blank models have similar tendons and ligaments
mammallian
28
these synthesize and secrete procollagen which is cleaved extracellularly to produce type 1 collagen
fibroblasts
29
each polypeptide chain is coiled in a blank helix in tendons and ligaments
left handed
30
these are formed by gags between collagen molecules providing strength to fibrils
cross links
31
cross links can be destroyed by blank
sprains, strains, tears
32
there is more elastin in a blank than blank
ligament, tendon
33
elastin makes up about blank percent of fibers in a ligament
1
34
tissues increase their structural or functional capability in response to overloading
overload
35
specific stimulus for adaptation elicits specific structural and functional changes in specific elements of tissues
specificity
36
discontinuing training stimulus will result in de-training and the adaptive changes regress
reversibility
37
what is said
specific adaptations to induce demand
38
property of a material or structure to return to its original form following removal of deforming load
elasticity
39
property of a material to deform permanently when its loaded beyond its plastic range
plasticity
40
property of a material to resist loads that produce shear, controls fluid rate of flow
fluid property (viscosity)
41
a slower deformation / rate of flow is caused by a blank viscosity
high
42
elastic materials return to normal form/shape following removal of a deforming load
solid property
43
energy is blank during loading and blank completely during unloading
stored, released
44
a combination of viscosity and elasticity that is sensitive to rate of loading or deformation
visco-elastic
45
load is suddenly applied then held constant over time
CREEP
46
during creep, continued blank occurs over time even though load is held constant
deformation
47
deformation is held constant and force required to maintain deformation decreases over time
stress relaxation
48
loading that causes a shift of the curve to the right because the shift blank in magnitude with each repetition
decreases
49
increased blank helps with elongation of tissue
heat
50
area under curve... the energy of deformation - energy loss in form of heat
hysteresis
51
increased stiffness with increased strain rate (speed), stress relaxation and creep deformation as per other tissues
viscoelastic behavior
52
tendon loading differs from other connective tissue because it attaches to blank
skeletal muscles
53
the weak point where most muscle strains occur is at the blank
myotendinous junction
54
though muscle forces may be very high, tendon tensile strength tends to be blank that of its muscle
twice
55
blank ruptures are more common than blank ruptures
muscle, tendon
56
outer part of tendon
paratenon
57
synovial tissue only in high friction locations of tendons
epitenon
58
continuous with perimysium and periosteum
endotenon
59
if muscle tissue is stiff then... and more between age 35 and 55... rapid eccentric loading can cause
rupture
60
cellular reaction of injury
inflammation
61
collagen synthesis of injury
proliferation
62
remodeling after injury
maturation
63
immobilization weakens blank complex after just 8 weeks in ACL
bone-lig-bone
64
ultimate load is increased with blank mobilization
immediate
65
early mobilization in tendon reduces blank
adhesions
66
this closure can cause failure at epiphysis
pre epiphyseal
67
this type of closure can cause failure at myotendinous junction
post epiphyseal
68
four stimuli for stretching connective tissues
optimal intensity, duration, temperature, timing, frequency
69
takes about blank minutes to stretch dense connective tissue
5
70
shaking hand when hitting with a hammer causes mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors to fire which inhibit blank
nociceptors
71
blank is the most important factor for stretching parameters
intensity (max painfree)
72
stretching should be done after blank
warming up
73
cool down after stretching should be in blank position
lengthened
74
continuum of loading slide is important
okay
75
if strength or endurance training is painful then blank should be used
tendon training (aarom)
76
an avascular, aneural, tissue
hyaline cartilage
77
hyaline cartilage has a low blank
metabolic rate
78
four zones of cartilage
superficial tangential, middle, deep, calcified cartilage
79
tide mark is the spot between blank and blank cartilage
uncalcified, calcified
80
make and secrete matrix, inhibiting cell-cell contact
chondrocytes
81
matrix transmits blank signals to cell membranes
mechanical
82
chondrocytes may act as electromechanical blank in that the mechanical stress elicits a response to synthetic activity
transducers
83
most important articular cartilage material property as it relates to mechanical behavior
fluid component
84
articular cartilage is a blank tissue
hydraulic
85
water content blank and pg content blank as we go deeper in articular cartilage tissue
decreases, increases
86
part of ac that is porous, permeable matrix primarily of type 2 collagen and pg
solid component
87
articular cartilage has an extremely low blank
permeability coefficient
88
heterogenous connective tissue has solid and semi solid materials mixed together in blank tissue
anisotropic
89
rate of creep is an indicator of tissue blank
permeability
90
small pores result in blank permeability and high blank to flow
low, friction
91
this further reduces pore size
compression
92
first step out of bed in the morning, there is rapid blank of fluid from articular surface
exudation
93
compressive load is resisted by creep of blank, but when creep cannot resist compression anymore... there may be blank
articular cartilage, arthritis
94
articular cartilage response to stress relaxation... stress is blank until a given blank is reached and then strain is maintined
increased, deformation
95
two types of articular cartilage lubrication systems
boundary, fluid
96
ac lube system where each load bearing surface is coated with lubricin so two surfaces do not touch each other
boundary
97
ac lubrication system where a film of fluid interposed between two joint surfaces
fluid
98
lubricin prevents blank contact
bone-bone
99
boundary lubrication is most important at blank loads and blank speeds and blank duration
low, low, long
100
four types of ac lubrication fluids
hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, squeeze film, elastohydrodynamic
101
fluid lubrication that is film of lube that is maintained under pressure of cartilage with pressure and returns with unloading and is most effective under high loads
hydrostatic
102
fluid lubrication that is a wedge of fluid created when non opposing surfaces slide on one another - lifting pressure occurs in wedge of fluid and increased viscosity keeps surfaces apart
hydrodynamic
103
ac lube system where pressure created in fluid film by surfaces moving that are perpendicular to one another...
squeeze film
104
viscosity blank if pressure increases
increases
105
squeeze film lube system is most beneficial for blank loads for a blank duration
high, short
106
ac lube system where fluid film is maintained at uniform thickness by elastic deformation of articular surfaces
elastohydrodynamic
107
three aberrant lube systems
adhesive, abrasive, fatigue
108
aberrant lube system that is osteochondritis dessicans which is complete or incomplete separation of a portion of cartilage and bone
adhesive wear
109
aberrant lube system that is joint mouse irritation
abrasive wear
110
aberrant lube system with a PG washout, aging, DJD
fatigue wear
111
squeeze film predominates this part of gait
heel contact
112
during gait, combo of boundary and fluid film
stance phase
113
during gait, hydrodynamic predominates this part
swing
114
caused by prolonged immobilization, some ant inflammatory drugs, trauma, infection, and aging
loss of pg matrix
115
loss of pg matrix may be blank depending on degree and duration
reversible
116
more PGs help with resisting blank
compression
117
early stages of fraying of collagen bundles in superficial layer causes development of blank
osteoarthritis
118
once fraying has begun in osteoarthritis it progresses blank
quickly
119
degeneration appears to begin in layers blank and blank in chondromalacia
3,4
120
early visualization of chondromalacia is blank
difficult
121
these can be used to increase density of cartilage
allograft
122
cartilage grows blank and blank in areas of blank compared to blank
faster, thicker, wb, nwb
123
blank loading is detrimental while blank loading may help healing
constant, intermittent
124
when facilitating articular cartilage growth intensity should be guided by blank and blank but blank may be excessive
pain, edema/effusion, full body weight
125
duration/frequency of building ac is blank
100s-1000s of reps
126
mode to facilitate ac growth is to attempt to mimic blank loading characteristics
function
127
bone harbors blank tissue for prodcution of blood cells
hemopoietic
128
bone is highly blank
vascular/innervated
129
bone is a blank ct
dynamic
130
bone is a good mechanical lever because it is mostly blank matter
inorganic
131
extracellular organic matter that resists stretching and has little extensibility
type 1 collagen
132
type 1 collagen accounts for blank percent of ecm and blank of dry weight
90, 25-30 percent
133
extracellular organic matter that is the cementing substance between osteons in haversian system
gags
134
glycoproteins containing glutamic acid causes gags to bind avidly to blank
calcium
135
two parts of inorganic matter of bone
calcium, phosphorus
136
decalcified bone retains shape but is as blank as blank
flexible, tendon
137
removing organic matter of bone makes it blank
brittle
138
mature bone cells
osteocyte
139
young bone cells
osteoblasts
140
phagocytic bone cells
osteoclasts
141
wolff's law says that if effective applied load decreases, blank also decreases
bone deposition
142
following 8 weeks of immobilization you may see a blank fold decrease in load to failure
3
143
these can slow the healing process after fracture because it does the work for the bone
plates/screws
144
blank bone is stiffer than blank bone
cortical, cancellous
145
cortical bone can withstand greater blank but less blank than cancellous bone
stress, strain
146
cancellous bones can sustain strains of blank
75%
147
cortical bone can sustain strains of blank
2%
148
constant compression may hinder blank
growth
149
unequal loading produces blank deformities
valgus, varus
150
piezo electric effect causes blank charge on side of bone being compressed
negative
151
piezo electric effect causes a blank charge on the tension side of bone
positive
152
osteoblasts tend to migrate toward blank electrode
negative
153
osteoclasts tend to migrate toward blank electrode
positive
154
the blank resists bowing of femur
it band
155
trochanters are created by blank
muscle tension
156
debonding of osteons causes a blank
fracture
157
constant compressive loading produces increase in blank diameter and increase in blank porosity
endosteal, intracortical
158
intermittent loading produced increased blank
bone mass
159
spiral fractures are common with closed chained blank
pivots
160
epiphyseal plate is most sensitive to blank forces
torsion
161
under blank load, newly formed bone will grow away from epiphysis in a spiral fashion
torsional
162
to facilitate bone growth, loading should be within tissue blank
structural tolerance
163
type 1 muscle fiber
slow twitch oxidative
164
type 2 a muscle fibers
fast twitch oxidative glycolytic
165
type 2b muscle fibers
fast twitch glycolytic
166
fascia surrounding whole muscle
epimysium
167
fascia surrounding fascicles
perimysium
168
fascia surrounding individual muscle cells
endomysium
169
contractile elements of muscle
contractile proteins
170
parallel elastic elements of muscle
peri, epi, and endomysium
171
series elastic elements of muscle
tendon
172
with an isometric contraction, the contractile element blank and the series elastic element blanks
shortens, lengthens
173
blank lengthens during isometric contraction but blank shortens
tendon, actin/myosin
174
if the load is too big, the blank elements kick in during eccentric load
parallel elastic
175
agonist muscle is too short to produce effective tension and thus no further ROM can be actively achieved
active insufficiency
176
antagonist muscle is on stretch and is too short (too far elongated) to allow further passive ROM
passive insufficiency
177
passive and active insufficiencies are typically blank or blank articulate muscles
bi, multi
178
muscle force varies with blank area of the muscle
cross sectional
179
blank arrangement is a key issue in determining total cross sectional area
fiber
180
cross sectional area increases years blank
0-20s
181
loss of strength is more in blank than blank as we age
legs, arms
182
as shortening speed of muscle decreases, blank increases
tension
183
isometric exercise speed is blank, therefore, there is greater tension generated compared to blank
zero, concentrics
184
for eccentrics, increased speed of lengthening, increased blank
tension
