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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Connective Tissue/CT Proper > Flashcards

Connective Tissue/CT Proper Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

purposes

A

physically connects tissues
fills spaces to integrate
forms pathways
mechanical properties to larger structures
structural support
defense and repair
physiological support
metabolic storage
signaling

basically everything

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2
Q

Composition of CT

A

ECM (fibers + ground sub)
cells (permanent + temporary residents)

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3
Q

Defining characteristics

A

more ECM than cells mostly
more fibers than ground sub
vascularized

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4
Q

most common fibers

in ECM

A

collagen I
elastic fibers
reticular (collagen III)

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5
Q

special fibers in blood

A

fibrin

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6
Q

special fibers in hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

collagen II

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7
Q

resident cells

aka fixed

A

develop/remain/perform functions in CT
long lived
from mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

types of resident cells

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
chondroblast/chrondrocytes
osteocytes/bone lining
mast cells
macrophage

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9
Q

transient cells

aka free cells

A

develop in bone marrow
circulate in blood
recruit to CT to perform

temporary/short lived

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10
Q

transient cells examples

A

plasma cells
leukocytes WBC

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11
Q

origins of CT cells

A

mesenchyme (from mesoderm)
bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells

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12
Q

fibroblasts

A

most abundant and least specialized
low turnover (rarely divide)
active or inactive

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13
Q

cortisol

on fibroblasts

A

inhibits fibroblast growth and division so no collagen or elastin

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14
Q

active fibroblasts

A

synthesizing proteins for secretion
euchromatic nuclei
cytoplasm basophilic
elongate oval shape

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15
Q

inactive fibroblasts

fibrocytes

A

quiescent (synthetically less active)
smaller/flatter nuclei
cytoplasm acidophilic so blends w/ collagen I
can reactivate

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16
Q

adipocytes

A

syntheize/store/release fats
more efficient and lighter energy store than glycogen
from mesenchymal cells or fibroblasts
terminally differentiated

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17
Q

types of adipocytes

A

white fat cells
brown fat cells

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18
Q

do white blood cells divide

A

NO
but can re-differentiate to brown

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19
Q

beiging of white fat

A

from caloric restrictions (gastric bypass or intermediate fasting)
or repeated cold exposure

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20
Q

white fat cells

unilocular adipocytes

A

store energy and release fats
produce adipokines (hormones)
1 fat droplet per cell surrounded by external lamina and reticular fibers

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21
Q

adipokines

A

regulate fatty acid metabolism and body weight

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22
Q

types of adipokines

A

leptin- reduce appetite
adiponectin-dec glucose release
retinol-binding protein 4- promote gluc release

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23
Q

multilocular adipocytes

brown fat cells

A

generate heat via decoupling oxidative phosphorylation mainly

more common in newborns bc number declines with age

mostly in or near adrenal glands in adults

24
Q

multilocular adipocytes

structures

A

multiple droplets per cell
smaller than white fat cells
nucleus is round/unsquished/euchromatic
have many large mitochondria

cytochromes in mitochondria give brown color

25
mast cells
initiate type I hypersensitivity rxns mediate inflammatory proceses | allergic reactions
26
mast cells | location
from hemopoietic stem cells circulate in blood until recruited differentiate @CT proper or mucosa of respir/dig tracts
27
signature feature of mast cells
secretory granules very large intensely basophilic/metachromatic/electron dense
28
contents of secretory vesicles | mast cells
histamine heparin enzymes chemicals to recruit WBC
29
type I hypersensitivity rxn | step 1
1st exposure to allergen: plasma cells back IgE antibodies antibodies bind receptors in membranes of mast cells = sensitized
30
type I hypersensitivity rxn | step 2
rexposure to antigen/allergen: binds to IgE antibodies in mast triggers degranulation histamine released = inflammatory response
31
effects of histamine
inc blood flow by lower BP inc mucus production causes contraction of smooth muscle in bronchi | inactivated by heparin
32
macrophages | functions
phagocytosis present antigens to lymphocytes promote wound healing
33
macrophages | appearance
off center nuclues kidney shaped euchromatic have pseudopods and phagosomes
34
macrophages | derived from
monocytes aka WBC
35
plasma B cells
from activated B lympocytes synthesize and secrete antibodies (Ig) | secretion is constitutive/continuous
36
plasma cell | appearance
intensely basophilic bc lots of RER large golgi ghose no granules in cytoplasm signature clock face
37
WBCs | leukocytes
exit bloodstream migrate to CT as needed
38
classifications of CT
embyronic CT proper specialized CT
39
embryonic CT
mucous CT mesenchyme | only in embryos
40
CT proper | subtypes
loose/areolar dense regular densse irregular elastic reticular | physical connection b/t organs and support within
41
specialized CT | subtypes
adipose (white and brown) cartilage bone blood | physiological support and/or structural support entire body
42
mucous CT
mostly ECM (ground substance) only in umbilical cord firm gel helps resist compression
43
mesenchyme
in developing embryos and fetus main type of embryonic CT many tissues derive from it
44
mesenchyme
synthesize ECM of embryonic CT synthesize all 3 fiber types pluripotent > resident CT cells
45
loose CT | areolar
cobwebs mostly collagen I and elastin fibers vascularized most common cells = fibroblast, macrophages
46
loose CT | function
transition b/t epithelia and deeper CT provides packaging and protection to blood vessels and nerves within
47
dense regular Ct
many parallel and closely packed collagen I fibers/bundles consistent orientation and alignment
48
dense regular CT | function
main CT that forms tendons and ligs resist strong tensile forces from one direction not well vascularized = long time to heal
49
dense irregular CT
many collagen I fibers/bundles in many directions no consistent orientation @dermis of skin, organ capsules. epineurium, perichondrium resist moderate tensile force from many directions moderately vascularized
50
elastic CT
little ground substance densely packed elastic fibers (Y shape) OR broad sheets of elastin (lamellae or laminae) few collagen I mainly fibroblasts
51
reticular CT
little ground substance fibers form 3D scaffold of: bone marrow adipose CT endomysium (muscle tissue) supports cells of solid organs and glands main cell: fibroblast @ red bone marrow, glands, liver, adipose CT
52
adipose CT
cells dominate, little ground sub each cell has external lamina reticular fibers scaffold b/t adipocytes
53
white adipose CT
insulation cushioning lipid/energy storage
54
brown adipose CT
heat generation lipid storage multilocular well vascularized and innervated distinct lobules separated by septa more abundant in fetuses and newborns
55
septa
loose or dense irregular CT nerves and vessels run within
56
brown vs white fat
smaller lipid droplets more mitochondria with larger and more cristae euchromatic nuclei more capillaries so better vascularized

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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