Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Vessels-Sum 6 > Flashcards

Vessels-Sum 6 Flashcards

1
Q

blood vascular system

components

A
  1. arterial vessels AWAY
    aorta > arteries > aterioles
  2. microcirulation (2 way fluid exchange w/ tissues and capillaries)
    metarterioles > capillaries > tissue > postcapillary venules
  3. venous vessels TOWARDS
    venules > veins > SVC/IVC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

common structure

A

3 layers/tunics:
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tunica intima

A

inner layer closest to lumen
sublayers:
endothelium- lines vessels, direct contact w/ bloodstream
subendotherlial CT- anchors endothelium to rest of vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tunica media

A

middle muscular layer

smooth muscle and elastic CT for vessel to change lumen diameter for restriction or accomodate volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tunica externa/adventitia

more detailed

A

CT layer of most coll I + some coll III + elastic fibers + fibroblasts + white fat cells

has blood vessels and nerves that supply the major vessel
-vasa vasorum for vessels
-nervi vasorum for nerves, mostly sympathetic

merges with loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tunica externa/adventitia

general

A

outer layer
connects/anchors vessels to surrounding tissues
protective pathway for smaller vessels and nerves that supply vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tunica media

more detailed

A

smooth muscles in concentric layers
-lumen diameter changes when contract or relax

vary elastic lamellae and elastic fibers

has external elastic lamina (EEL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

external elastic lamina

A

laminating outside of tunica media

thicker sheet of elastin w/ holes for nervi and vasa vasorum to contact media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tunica intima

more detailed

A

sublayers:
endothelium (simple squamous + BM)
subendothelium (mostly loose CT + fibroblasts + smooth muscle cells) rarely thick
internal elastic lamina (laminated outside of intima w/ thicker sheet of elastin w/ holes to aid diffusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endothelium organization

A

almond shaped instead of egg simple squamous aka endothellium lines lumen in all blood vessels

parallel w/ direction of blood flow to reduce shear stress as blood flows over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endothelium functions

A

maintain structural integrity w
-junctional complexes
-hemidesmosomes
-focal adhesions

coordinate cell activity
-gap junctions

regulate inflammation
-CAMs bind WBC (WBC can unlock junctions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WBC access

A
  1. macrophage release cytokines in response to injury
  2. endothelial cells extend CAMs
  3. circulating neutrophils bind CAMs
  4. neutrophil express integrins
  5. integrins bind receptors and unlock junctions
  6. neutrophils enter underlying CT b/t endothelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

other endothelium functions

A
  1. reg vessel formation via angiogenesis
  2. modulate smooth muscle activity for vessel diameter and resistance
    -myoendothelial junction
    -chemicals for vasoconstriction (endothelins)
    -chemicals for vasodilation (NO, prostacyclin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myoendothelial junctions

A

physical connections b/t endothelial cells (intima) and smooth muscle cells (media) of lots of gap junctions

goal: reduce shear stress via dilation

hyperpolarize and transfer polarization to smooth muscle in media = dec vascular tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thrombus formation

A

thrombus: clot that forms in vessel and stays there

removed by:
anticoagulants (prevent fibrinogen convert)
antithrombogenic substances (platelet aggregation)
thrombolytic substances (break down clots)

enhanced by:
prothombogenic substances (von willebrand factor) if injury/tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

weibel-palade bodies

A

store von willebrand factor for promoting platelet adhesions

low VWF = bleeding problems bc clots take longer to form or are incorrect

most common hereditary blood clotting disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest arteries aka aorta and main branches

transport large vol of blood away from heart and stretch to accomodate vol change

sublayers: subendothelium, tunica media, tunica externa

media is dominated by elastic lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

elastic lamellae aging

A

number of lamellae in media inc from birth to adult (in aorta)

thickening of intima by coll I = moderate intimal fibrosis

minor fragmentation of media as elastin protein breaks down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

muscular arteries

A

control distribution of blood to major body regions

sublayers:
subendothelium w/ prominent IEL
media w/ prominent EEL and smooth muscle
externa: thick vs. elastic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

small arteries

A

smaller distribution to smaller body regions

resemble muscular arteries structurally

sublayers:
subendothelium w/ IEL but no other CT
media w/ no elastic lamellae, 3-10 layers smooth muscle
externa w/ no vasa or nervi vasorum so thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

arterioles

A

main resistance vessels in circulation
very vasoactive so constantly dilating/constricting

greatly influence vol of flow to local area

little IEL in subendo
1-2 complete layers of smooth muscle, no EEL or elastic lamellae in media
externa functionally absent, no vasorum

donut shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vasoconstriction

A

via sympathetic fibers that discharge norepinephrine

dilation w/ parasympathetics that release NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endothelium function as barrier

A

maintain selective permeability barrier w/
-junctional complexes

exchange gas/nutrients across endothelium via transcellular pathway
-pinocytotic vesicles, receptor mediated endocytosis, active transport, diffusin

surface receptors for histamine, LDL, insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

endothellium inflammatory function

A

regulate inflammatory and immune cell traffic
via CAMs that bind WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
microvasculature
capillaries + vessels that directly interact
26
metarterioles
regulate blood flow into capillaries serve as bypass route when they shut off blood to a cap bed
27
postcapillary venules
receive blood from capillary beds primary site of WBC migration into tissues
28
metarterioles characteristics
highly vasoactive like arterioles tunica media is discontinuous of SM use precapillary sphincters to constrict entrance (coordination of sphincters forms bypass to postcap venules)
29
capillary characteristics
passive diffusion and active transport across endothelium lumen only accommodates 1 RBC no media or externa, only intima (endothelium)
30
pericytes
starfish shaped from mesenchymal cells low level stem cells (>fibroblast, smooth muscle, endothelial) surround capillaries and help modulate flow thru cytoplasmic processes wrap around caps -form gap junctions w/ endothelial cells
31
types of blood capillaries
continuous fenestrated sinusoidal
32
continuous
@CNS, llungs, skeletal muscle, CT prevent leaks bc no fenestrations and strong junctional complexes necessary for BBB and blood-gas barrier | most common
33
continuous | appearance
marginal folds along edges for WBC's numerous pinocytotic vesicles for transport across endothelium visible pericytes
34
fenestrated capillaries
@intestines, endocrine glands, kidney (except glomeruli) permanent windows thru cytoplasm for fluid transfer w/o endocytosis aka faster have molecular diaphragms to temporarily seal off fenestrations w/ neg ionic charge | not as many pinocytotic vesicles than continuous
35
sinusoidal
@red marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, suprarenal gland cortex aka places of rapid fluid exchange largest type of capillary large fenestrations and large gaps b/t adj cells so RBC and WBC exit
36
postcapillary venules
aka pericytic venule bc have pericytes receive blood from cap beds w/ some exchange of metabolites w/ tissue primary site of WBC migration into tissues w/ marginal folds
37
venules
blood from caps and postcaps drain into small veins paired w/ arterioles media has 1-2 layers isolated SM cells externa= thin CT layer around entire circumference | muscular venules
38
small veins
blood from venules drain to medium veins accompany small arteries valves to prevent backflow media= 1 SM cell layer discont or continuous externa = thing layer of CT w/ more elastic
39
varicose veins
weakened or incompetent valves allow backflow valves stays partially open so blood settles in leaflets, pools, bulges
40
medium veins
blood from small > large veins accompany medium muscular arteries large lumen, thin walls, valves media = 2-3 continous layers, visible EEL externa= thickest layer, elastic and collagen, vasa/nervi vasorum | jugular
41
large veins
blood from medium > larger veins or R atrium of heart accompany elastic arteries large lumen, thin walls, no valves intima= thick media= 3+ layers, will transition from smooth>cardiac externa= thickest layer, SM in longitudinal bundles, vasa/nervi | IVC, portal veins, common iliac
42
atypical vessels
coronary arteries great saphenous vein
43
coronary arteries | structure
first 2 branches off aorta so higher pressure and volume intima: thick, inc w/ age media: many more layers smooth externa: looser coll. I and elastic than muscular | should be muscular
44
great saphenous vein
drainage for lower limb media: perpendicular smooth layers + inner layer of longitudinal so some peristalsis ability | used as coronary bypass graft bc thick walls and similar size
45
lymph system characteristics
no central pump 1 way interaction so collects fluid but not return driven by skeletal muscle contraction
46
pathway of lymph
tissue > lymphatic capillary > lymphatic vessels > thoracic duct or R lymphatic duct > venous vessels filtered in nodes to remove particulates, bacteria, foreign materials returned to venous blood via internal jugular, subclavian, brachiocephalic veins
47
no lymph vessels
orbit, inner ear, epidermis, cartilage, bone, CNS
48
ways to move out of capillaries
1. pinocytosis (large moles) 2. junctions, fenestrations (by BP) 3. diffusion - from concentration gradients 4. diffusion across cells - lipid sol only | BP and concentration gradient main driving forces
49
opposing forces
1. hydrostatic pressure (blood vs inside cap walls) 2. oncotic pressure- form of osmosis (from higher protein con in plasma vs interstitial) 3. interstitial fluid pressure (interstitial fluid vs outside lymph cap walls)
50
lymphatic capillaries
blind ended so fluid only flow one direction remove protein rich interstitial fluid > larger lymphatic vessels no true tunics so only thin endothelium -no smooth muscle cells, pericytes, valves have endothelial folds/flaps to prevent backflow | anchoring fibrillin filaments tether to elastic fibers in ECM
51
lymphatic vessels
conduits that carry lymph from caps to nodes/thoracic ducts tight junctions, continuous BM so no leaks, elastic fibers surround endothelium some smooth muscle cells > collagen and elastic around entire vessel | not true tunics
52
lymphatic ducts
do have tunics and valves intima: fibroelastic CT, band of elastic fibers where IEL is media: longitudinal and circumferential layer of SM externa: longitudinal SM but not consistent layer, vasa vasorum, collagen | smooth muscle
53
vasculogenesis
de novo formation mainly in embryos, sometimes in adults after injury embryonic stem cells (angioblasts or hemangioblasts) > endothelial capillary tubes> primitive vascular network
54
angiogenesis
new blood vessels branch off and extend from pre-existing thru development differentiated endothelial cell migrate from existing > where new vessels needed
55
vascular remodeling
reshaping vessel walls in response to environmental
56
angiogenesis process
1.destabilization from parent induced by angiopoieten 2.parent vasodilates and more permeable 3.existing endothelial cells detach from adj cells and BM by disrupting cell junctions and degrade underlying BM 4.migration to angiogenic stimulus 5.tube of endothelium forms 6.tube stabilized by syn of BM and recruit cells for tunica media and externa (pericytes and SM cells)
57
angiogenesis w/o migration
endothelial progenitor cells recruited from red marrow EPC are adult stem cells-mobilize in response to dramatic tissue alterations aka complete loss of endothelial cells, vascular implants, ischemic organs/wounds/tumors | EPC similar to embryonic hemangioblasts
58
capillaries
in a capillary bed gatekeepers to tissues 2 way fluid exchange b/t blood and tissues
59
lymph vascular system
collects xs interstitial fluid and returns it to blood extracellular fluid @tissues = interstitial fluid >enters lymph system = lymph
60
normal pressures/opposing forces
hydrostatic and oncotic = balanced so little net movement out of blood vessels lymphatic vessels remove most of remaining fluid vol of tissue fluid inc = interstitial fluid P drives fluid into lymph capillaries
61
edema
when capacity for lymphatic drainage exceeded hydrostatic = too high oncotic = too low lymph capillaries = damaged or blocked
62
BP and vascular remodeling
inc BP or rate of flow = inc vascular wall stress V/V @arterial vessels change amount of SM in media large artery > outward hypertrophy small artery > inward hypertrophy arterioles > rarefaction (death) OR inward hypertrophy OR inward remodeling (whole thing smaller) | inc BP = hypertension
63
rate of flow and remodeling
wall thickness stays the same when flow inc bc not adding pressure rate inc > inc lumen diameter (larger surface area so less irritation) rate dec> dec lumen diameter

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions