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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

general layers

A
  1. mucosa with epithelium>lamina propria>muscularis mucosae
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adeventitia or serosa
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2
Q

mucosa layer

A
  1. epithelium: rests on basal lamina aka innermost layer
  2. lamina propria: has CT + glands + lymphatics + blood vessels
  3. muscularis mucosa: outermost of mucosa, has inner circular + outer longitudinal layer
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3
Q

submucosa layer

A

has CT + lymphatics + blood vessels + glands (if in duodenum or esophagus)

submucosal nerve plexus

glands pathological if in other places

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4
Q

muscularis externa layer

A

has inner circular + outer longitudinal (like muscularis of mucosa)

myenteric nerve plexus

controls peristalsis

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5
Q

serosa/adventitia layer

A

serosa = CT + simple squamous epi @ intraperiotneal organs (if has mesentary then has serosa)

adventitia = CT @retroperitoneal

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6
Q

enteric nervous system

A
  1. myenteric plexus @ b/t layers of muscularis externa, regulates peristalsis
  2. submucosal plexus = reg glandular secretion + blood flow + muscularis mucosae
    - visceral afferents monitor chemistry/mechanical stimulation

both plexuses have autonomics (symp + para) and visceral afferent fibers

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7
Q

esophagus function

A

transport masticated food to stomach so epithelial lining must resist abrasion

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8
Q

esophagus muscle types

A

upper 1/3 = 100% striated muscle in externa, somatic/voluntary for swallowing
lower 1/3 = 100% smooth muscle

middle 1/3 = mix of both

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9
Q

esophagus layers

A
  1. mucosa= nonker SSE + LP w/cardiac glands + muscularis w/ longitudinal only
  2. submucosa = esophageal glands (mucus + pepsinogen + lysozyme)
  3. muscularis externa = striated > smooth
  4. adventitia = thoracic region
  5. serosa = abdominal region
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10
Q

gastroesophageal junction

A

transition in function from transportation/propulsion to digestion

mucosa goes from protective > secretory

Z line = visible transition marker

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11
Q

barrett’s esophagus

clinical correlate

A

simple squamous > metaplastic columnar epi w/ goblet cells from stomach that migrated up

from chronic gastric secretions i.e GERD or frequent vomiting

inc risk of adenocardcinoma

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12
Q

stomach functions

A
  1. temporarily store food
  2. secrete gastric juice
  3. form chyme via chemical digestion
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13
Q

stomach structure

A

cardiac + fundus + pylorus

rugae = longitid folds for distension, submucosa extends into mucosa layer
-mucosa has simple columnar that make pits that open into glands

some regions have muscularis externa

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14
Q

gastric pit

A

@ fundus

simple columnar epi
-surface mucous cells secrete bicarbonate rich protective mucus

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15
Q

gastric glands

A

@fundus
1. isthmus w/regenerative stem cells
2. neck w/ nucous neck cells + parietal cells (HCl + gastric intrinsic factor)
3. base w/ chief cells (pepsinogen)
4. enteroendocrine cells > hormones

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16
Q

cardiac glands

A

@cardiac portion of stomach

has shallow pits + coiled glands + surface mucous cells

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17
Q

pyloric glands

A

@pyloric region

deep pits + mucous neck cells that secrete lysozyme

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18
Q

gastroduodenal junction

A

mucosa transition from secretory > absorptive

pyloric sphincter (thickened circular layer of muscularis externa)

duodenal glands aka brunner’s @submucosa secrete bicarbonate to neutralize chyme

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19
Q

achalasia

clinical correlate

A

dysfunction of mysenteric plexus prevents relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter

nothing can enter stomach so have to eat moist food

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20
Q

hirschsprung disease

A

congenital megacolon, absence of enteric nervous system in a portion of bowel (from failure of neural crest cells to migrate)

= absence of peristalsis in affected area so feces backs up

21
Q

small intestine modifications

A
  1. plicae circulares (mucosa + sub)
  2. villi (epi + lamina propria)
  3. microvilli (surface epi)

to inc surface area

22
Q

small intestine submucosa

A

@ duodenum has dueodenal/Brunner glands to secrete bicarb mucus to neutralize acidic chyme

23
Q

small intestine layer histology

A

mucosa = villi present + simple columnar epi + intestinal glands in LP
submucosa= lacks glands
muscularis externa = typical, 2 layers
serosa = @most except parts of duo (adventitia)

24
Q

typical mucosa

small intestine

A

simple columnar for absorption and striated border
-goblet cells inc in freq distally (small>large intestine)

lamina propria = extends into villi, has lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) + intestinal glands (open b/t villi)

muscularis: unremarkable

25
intestinal sprue
disorder of small intestine, disruption of mucosa = malabsorption weight loss, diarrhea, anemia, vitamin deficiences i.e celiac disease = inflamm response triggered by gluten
26
intestinal sprue biopsy
-atrophied villus -disordered epithelial cells w/ micovilli atrophy -inflamm of LP -intestinal gland hyperplasia
27
intestinal glands
aka crypts of lieberkuhn +has paneth cells @ base to secrete antibiotic agents and maintain intestinal flora +goblet cells +enteroendocrine (DNES) cells for hormones +stem cells | paneth only in small intest
28
jejunum features
lacks distinct distinguishing features plicae circulare well developed narrow villi
29
ileum features
has peyer's patches aka aggregated lymphoid nodules that extend from LP to submucosa -M cells transport antigens + immune response fewer plicae circulares and shorter villi (vs jejunum)
30
large intestine histology layers
1. mucosa = lack villi, irreg microvilli, straight intestinal glands, more goblet cells 2. muscularis externa= complete inner layer + reduced outer layer (3 teniae coli) -appendix and rectum have 2 uniform layers 3. serosa = intraperitoneal portions (transverse, sigmoid) 4. adventia= retroperitoneal portions (asc/dec)
31
vermiform appendix
has abundant lymphoid nodules in LP and submucosa, but not form big patches like in ileum -2 uniform layers of muscularis externa -epi typical of lg intestine
32
appendicitis
imflammation of appendix blockage = buildup mucus, inc pressure, rupture infection of mucosa = inflamm and ulceration
33
rectum
has transverse rectal folds from inner layer of externa + temporary longitudinal folds @mucosa and sub for distension 2 layers of muscularis externa have no tenia coli
34
anal canal | transtions
transition from: -simple columnar to simple cuboidal to stratified squamous -autonomic to somatic inn -muscle transition
35
anal canal features
anal columns mark anorectal junction anal sinuses has mucous glands anal valves compress sinuses pectinate line intersphincteric line b/t internal and external (nonkeratinized SSE above to pectinate, keratinized SSE below aka skin)
36
major salivary glands
1. parotid= biggest, serous only 2. submandibular = mostly serous + some mucous 3. sublingual = mostly mucous + some serous
37
salivary gland function
secrete saliva -digestion, gustation, lubrication, antibacterial has proteins + enzymes + ions (protect teeth) + mucins
38
exocrine pancreas | histology
acinar cells (pyramidal shape) with zymogen granules to contain inactive digestive enzymes intercalated duct of centroacinar cells that project into acini + ductal cells that secrete waater and bicarb
39
liver structure
glisson's capsules = CT capsule covered by liver mesothelium (simple squamous) hepatic lobules = hepatocytes + sinusoids (spaces b/t hepatocytes) + central vein
40
ways to organize liver
1. classic lobule = hexagonal 2. portal lobule = triangular 3. hepatic acinus= quadrangular
41
classic lobule
central vein @center + portal canal @corners traces flow of blood thru liver so 75% from portal vein + 25% from hepatic artery 1. blood from portal cein and hepatic artery anastomose =sinusoids 2. thru sinusoid for processing by hepatocytes 3. flow into central vein 4. hepatic veins 5. IVC
42
portal lobule
bile duct/portal canal @center + central veins @corners traces bile production (oppo of blood flow) 1. syn by hepatocytes into bile canaliculi 2. flow to bile duct in portal canal
43
hepatic acinus
short axis = opposting portal canals long axis = opposing central veins describes blood perfusion/metabolic activity -zone 1 = more oxy/nut/toxins + less co2/waste, first to regen -zone 3 = less oxy/nut/toxins + more co2/waste, first to die
44
portal canal
has portal triad (portal vein + bile duct + hepatic artery) +CT/lymphatic vessel +periportal space/space of mall b/t hepatocytes and portal canal
45
sinusoids
formed by anastomosis of hepatic artery and portal vein in canal -lining cells = endothelial, line sinusoids, simple squamous, discontinous -kupffer cell = macrophage, part of lining -perisinusoidal space = exchange b/t blood plasma and hepatocytes (hepatocytes microvilli) -stellate cells for lipid and vitamin A storage
46
hepatocytes | organelles
25% have 2 nuclei + RER + SER + golgi apparatus + mitochondria
47
hepatocytes function
1. syn bile 2. lipid metabolism/storage 3. carb metabolism/storage 4. protein metabolism 5. vit A, K, D, B12 storage 6. detox drugs 7. degrade hormones 8. immune response 9. jaundice (acc unconj bilirubin in blood, obstructive, hemolytic)
48
biliary tract | bile flow
1. bile canaliculi (b/t hepatocytes) 2. canal of hering (simple cuboidal lined w/ cholangiocytes) 3. intrahepatic bile ductules (cuboidal) 4. interlobular bile ducts (@w/i portal canal, cuboidal) 5. hepatic duct (simple columnar) 6. gallbladder
49
gallbladder | histology
1. mucosa = simple columnar epi with microvilli and LP 2. no muscularis mucosae or submucosa 3. disorganized externa 4. adventitia and serosa

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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