Tissue Types/Cell Coordination Flashcards by Haley T

Tissue

group of similar cells with common function + nonliving macromoles and fluid

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Basic types of tissues

epithelial
muscle
nervous
connective

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Epithelial

function

secretion
absorption
lining
covering
protection

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connective

function

connection
integration
support
exchange
store
defense

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Muscle

function

contraction
movement

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Nervous

recieve/transmit/integrate info

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goals of tissues

communication
physical support
cohesiveness and exclusivity

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cell junctions

definition

specializations of cell surface that connect adjacent cells to each other or part of ECM

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cell junctions

function

tissue continuity
cohesion

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cell junctions

components

transmembrane protein (TMP)
connect to attachment protein
connect to cytoskeletal filament

attachment proteins are peripheral
cytoskeletal is actin or intermed

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Types of Cell Junctions

occluding/tight
anchoring/adhering
communicating/gap

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Occluding Junctions

seal that encircles a cell/stitches
band of interlocking branching/reticulating sealing strands

only in epithelial cells at luminal end of lateral domain

shows as fusion of adjacent cells TEM

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Occluding Junctions

functions

regulate paracellular permeability
reg which lumen contents get b/t cells
block pathogens
signaling

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Occluding Junctions

structure

TMP: claudins (required for correct formation, water) and occludins (stability)
AP: ZO proteins
CC: actin filaments

AP= attachment protein
CC= cytoskeletal component

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hereditary claudin-14

mutation that inc permeability of water in hearing receptors (organ of corti) so no action potentials = deafness

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Anchoring Junctions

@ lateral or basal domain

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Anchoring Junction

functions

link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
connect cytoskeleton to ECM fibers
mechanotransduction for morphogenesis/cell differentiation

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Subtypes of anchoring junctions

adhesion belt
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
focal adhesions

Adhesion belts

@ lateral domain
function: lateral adhesion to adj cells, resist mechanical stress

Adhesion belt

structure

TMP: cadherins
AP: catenins, vinculin, alpha-actinin
CC: actin filaments

Desmosomes

@ random on lateral domain
basal to adhesion belts

Desmosomes

function

lateral adhesion to adj cells
resist mechanical stress
tissue morphogenesis/cell differentiation

Desmosomes

structure

TMP: cadherins
AP: desmoplakin, catenin
CC: intermediate filaments

Hemidesmosomes

@ basal domain
esp epithelia of cornea, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

Hemidesmosomes | functions

anchor basal domain to ECM resist abrasion or shearing

Hemidesmosomes | structures

TMP: integrins, type XVII collagen (within cell) >>laminins, type IV collagen (ECM/basement) AP: desmoplakin-like proteins CC: intermediate filaments | TMP no counterpart so half desmosome

Focal adhesions

@ basal domain

Focal adhesions | functions

anchor basal domain to basement membrane and ECM sense/transmit signal from ECM into cell regulate cell migration

Focal adhesions | structure

TMP: integrins (in cell) >> fibronectin, laminins (in ECM) AP: talin, vinculin, alpha-actinin CC: actin filaments

Pemphigus vulgaris

clinical relevance of anchoring junctions antibodies vs desmoglein 1 and 3 (TMP desmo) >> connections disrupted = severe blistering of skin and mucous membranes | basal domain stays attached, fluid b/t basal and apical

Bullous pemphigoid

Clinical for anchoring junctions autoimmune disease antibodies vs type XVII collagen (TMP hemi) >> disrupt connections to basement membrane = large blisters under epidermis | cell stays together but separates from basement membrane

Communicating Junctions

broad pores/channels align to form conduits spanning cell membranes @ lateral domain (embryos, muscle, neurons esp)

Communicating Junctions | functions

form channels b/t cytoplasm of adj cells direct exchange fluids/metabolites/signals coordinate activity across entire tissue

Communicating Junctions | structure

TMP: 6 connexins in circle = connexon AP: none CC: none

Junction complexes

@ simple epithelial function: triple barrier

Junction complex | structure

apical>>basal 1.occulding tight junction 2.adhesion belt 3.ring of small desmosomes "belt" | ducts and capillaries are one cell layer thick "simple" so need extra pr

domains w/ cell junctions

lateral bc cell to cell basal bc cell to basement mem | apical domain none

Structure of Gap/Comm Junctions | simplified

only transmembrane proteins

Structure of occluding and anchoring junctions | simplified

All 3 components TMP + AP + CC

junctions with 'adhesion' | anchoring

connect to actin filaments AP: alpha actin, vinculin

junctions with 'desmo' | anchoring

connect with intermediate filaments AP: desmoplakin

lateral junctions | anchoring

cadherin TMP catenin AP

basal junction | anchoring

integrin TMP plus type XVII collagen in hemidesmosomes

TMPs in basal domain

connect to laminins + fiber | hemidesmosomes fiber = type IV collagen focal fiber = fibronectin