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Italian History > Consent and Control > Flashcards

Consent and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

who was fascist minister of education

A

Gentile - university professor and educational expert

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2
Q

what was Giovanni Gentile’s plan with education

A

-from 1923 planning to improve literacy and educational standards to increase educational attainment
-build ideal youth by reinforcing authoritarian school environment, but wasnt unversally popular
-from 1929 changed from being more about improving standards to more about indoctrination

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3
Q

what changes brought into classrooms

A

-portrait of M in every classroom alongside king
-teachers had to refer to M as genius and heroic qualities
-wall posters put up emphasising fascist success
-every school day start with fascist slogans e.g. M is always right
-primary students taught with books with fascist cartoons and quotes from M speeches
-children taught unquestioning obedience and needed to obey orders
-1928 only one authorised textbook and concentrated on achievements in italian history
-history textbooks that lacked patriotic content replaced

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4
Q

how many textbooks banned in 1926

A

101/317 history textbooks banned as a result of policy of getting rid of textbooks that werent patriotic enough

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5
Q

what slogan was said before every school day and why was it controversial

A

‘Mussolini is always right’
-conflicts with value of the church, conflicts with God

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6
Q

when were teachers forced to take oath of loyalty to regime and did most adhere

A

from 1931
-most teachers did but only because of formality and for career advancement, not because they truly believed in the regime

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7
Q

when were all teachers organisations merged into fascism

A

1931

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8
Q

when were teachers required to be part of PNF

A

1933 - most did because of career advancement, not because of fascism

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9
Q

why was indoctrination hard

A

-not all parents fascists so children more influenced by their views
-teachers had varying degrees of enthusiasm for fascist ideas, many hid their criticism so they could keep their jobs
-students could then sense lack of enthusiasm so werent truly indoctrinated
-had to share influence of catholic action

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10
Q

what organisation did fascists expect uni students to join

A

-university fascist youth

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11
Q

what were advantages of joining the university fascist youth

A

-use of sports facilities
-half price admission to entertainment
-part exemption from military service
-enhanced career prospects

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12
Q

by how much did university students increase in 1921-42

A

1921 - 54,000
1942 - 165,000, came from more diverse backgrounds

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13
Q

why was indoctrination of university students hard

A

-professors and lecturers harder to threaten into obedience/get rid of
-many didnt want to take oath or join PNF, had to be coaxed into it as a formality, however few refused to

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14
Q

how many professors refused to take oath/join PNF

A

11/1250, some convinced fascists and agreed to wear fascist uniform at public events

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15
Q

when was ONB made

A

1926, 1929 was under control of ministry of national education

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16
Q

by when was membership of ONB comulsory

A

1932

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17
Q

what was ONB membership by 1937

A

7 mill

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18
Q

what was the fascust slogan

A

‘believe obey fight!’

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19
Q

why was the ONB attractive

A

-offered free sports facilities
-seaside holidays
-special scholarships for the gifted
-liked sense of community and belonging

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20
Q

what was the ballilla creed

A

-was chanted by members of youth groups
-‘i believe in rome eternal…I believe in the genius of Mussolini, in our holy father fascism’
-very similar to creed in church services, wanted to compete their influence

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21
Q

how did the ONB indoctrinatee

A

-exposed to fascist propaganda
-encouraged to take part in activities that promoted fascism e.g. rallies, parades, sport to make biologically fit race
-swear oath of loyalty
-learn ballilla creed
-wear facist uniform similar to blackshirts

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22
Q

was the ONB truly popular

A

-not popular with all children as had to compete with catholic youth
-older children just paid lip service to fascism rather than being genuinely devoted
-anti fascist parents still got their kids to join as afraid theyd miss out on career opportunities, e.g. lose welfare benefits/fail exams
-after mussolini removed high membership of ONB rapidly dissolved

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23
Q

when was OND set up

A

1925

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24
Q

when did OND become part of PNF

A

1927

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25
what did OND aim to do
-win masses for fascism by getting involved in their leisure time and working lives -attarcted people through subsidised activities -pastimes related to italian heritage and past triumphs e.g. in the arts, music, poetry
26
examples of what OND offered
-provided radio sets -arranged trips/holidays -sponsored theatre groups -provided sports facilities -arranged art exhibitions and performances by opera groups -welfare for workers -provision of food and clothing to poor people
27
what shows OND was successful
-mid 1930s every town had a clubhouse -member ship increased from 300,000 in 1926 to 2.4 mill 1935, 1939 over 4 mill -many willingly benefited BUT emphasis on military aspects not as embraced -allowed to manipulate public opinion as didnt have overt propaganda
28
what were examples of sporting achievements and when
1932 - 12 olympic gold medals 1934 and 1938 - victory in world cup -used to raise morale and national pride
29
were there many fascist films made
-film directors had quite alot of creative freedom as long as they didnt criticise fascism or make too much political commentary -few overtly fascist films produced before ww2 -still needed support of cultural industries so didnt want to make it too extreme for them
30
what was DGC created and what was it
1934 -under control of ministry of press and propaganda -was responsible for regulating cinema and making sure they are aligned with fascist ideology
31
what are examples of fascist films
luciano serra, pilota (1938), focused on italian pilot in abyssinian war siege of alcazar (1940) about early fascists fighting socialists in spain
32
what was the regimes film agency
LUCE -made newsreels and documentaries -portrayed current events as fascists wished, glorified the regime e.g. world cups -anyone who went to the cinema had no choice to watch them BUT no gurantee that they would listen/absorb fascist ideas
33
why was radio effective
-didnt require literacy -could reach remote areas of country e.g. south
34
how much did registered radio sets increase by
1932 - 300,000 1938 - 1 mill during ww2 expanded to market places, schools, factories with 2 mill radio sets installed, could reach everyone at any time of day
35
whats an example that shows that radio began to be used against he fascists
-police reports show people increasingly listened to radio london to get info from allies to help fight fascists
36
when were newspapers closed
1925 - independent newspapers closed and editors arrested
37
whats an examples of an antifascist newspapers that was banned
la stampa - sept 1925 was banned
38
what law introduced to regulate newspaper censorship
the press law of december 1925 -only registered journalists could write, fascists controlled the register
39
what was cult of il duce
-emphasised mussolinis superhuman qualities, presented as saviour of italy against socialism and liberals -was a perfect role model for all italian males, was the epitome of masculinity -propaganda showed him as multi talented, writ poetry, played violin , read shakespeare -never mentioned his age or the fact he needed glasses
40
was the cult of il duce successful
-many accepted it but some skeptical -volume of propaganda stressing his power and genius deterred potential opposition -worship of one man didnt always translate into ideology of fascism/committment to PNF -celebrating his youthful qualities faded as he grew, 1943 he was 60 yrs
41
what was the influence of fascist culture
-used art to spread fascist principles, commissioned works of futurist and neoclassical styles -revived classical art of ancient rome, glorified history and similarities with fascism -futurism symbolised modernity and dynamism
42
how did fascists handle opposition
-serious opponents sent to islands of the coast, torture used regularly -concentration camps used to “reform” opponents, werent known for mass murder
43
how did fascists use repression and terror to suppress opposition
-created OVRA (secret police), monitored opposition, people encouraged to inform authorities abt activities of close ppl -special tribunals set up for political crimes but few death sentences passed
44
how many killed under the regime
400 including attacks by black shirts
45
who was the chief of police
bocchini
46
who were the Rosselli brothers
-socialists who fled italy and made antifascist organisation “justice of liberty” -were murdered by hit squad in 1937
47
why did mussolini have no interest in antisemitism at first
-thought whole italian nation were superior -jewish pop. so small (45,000), no reason to disturb them -they were well integrated into society and some members of PNF
48
why did mussolini introduce antisemitic decrees
-relations between italy and nazi germany increased in 1930s, wanted to match hitlers extremism -after conquering abyssinia 1936 he was more confident in radical approach
49
what were the anti semitic decrees
-introduced 1938 -manifesto of race”, targeted jewish and banned them frpm professions, illegalising marriage between them and aryans -jews removed from authority in government ect., could face property confiscation
50
why were his antisemitic decrees unsuccessful
-policies not enforced consistently -were unpopular -seen as mussolini pandering to powerful ally hitler
51
overall successes in controlling italians
-ballila popular among young, affected whole generation -dopolavoro well recieved, controlled adult leisure -PNF membership increased , purged any opposition -censorship prevented critical comments on regime -cult of il duce widely believed in -propaganda and technology spread fascism -OVRA and special tribunals suppressed and intimidated opposition, minimal open resistance
52
what are overall failures of trying to control italians
-ballila less popular when it was compulsory, young still influenced by messages at home -dopolavoro popular as it was ideologically free -membership of party didnt reflect committment to fascism -propaganda only worked when it went with grain of established views, cult of duce failed when he couldt live up to expectations -consent lasted as long as regime didnt interfere too much with ppls lives
53
what are examples of prisons in remote areas
lipari and lampedusa - housed political opponents
54
what was the public security decree
nov 1926 -gave government appointed prefects power to place anyone under police supervision who was percieved a political threat
55
what union did musicians have to join
fascist union of musicians -encouraged to develop cultural autarky by rejecting foreign influences -was only seen as a way for career advancement rather than really engaged with regime
56
what law introduced special tribunals
law for the defence of the state nov 1926 -allowed special tribunals to try policitcal opponents
57
how many found guilty and sentenced to death in 1927-43
-special tribunal met 720 times between 1927-43 -took over 13,500 cases -of this 5100 found guilty and 49 sentences to death
58
how many members in OVRA
5000
59
when were antisemitic laws introduced
1938
60
what decree did M announce in nov 1943
-ordered confiscation of all jewish property and rounding up of jewish people -9000 italian jews sent to nazi death camps, only 600 survivedb
61
between 1920-22 how many did fascists kill approximately
2000

Italian History (15 decks)

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