conservatism ideology traditional

Question 1

define pragmatism

Answer 1

flexible approach to society with decisions made on what works to adapt old things to new structures

Question 2

define tradition

Answer 2

accuulated wisdom of past asocieities and connection between generations, this links to stability due to organic change and enhances human security

Question 3

define organic state

Answer 3

state and society is more important than any individual parts thiz links to the underpinned beliefs of authority and heirachy for a cohesive society

Question 4

define paternalism

Answer 4

power exerted by the state that governs in the interest of people , there’s an obligation of rich to look after poor to stop uproar and revolutions, known as the noblesse oblige in ONC

Question 5

what do
trad cons
onc
new right

mainly focus on

Answer 5

trad- maintaining hierachal and paternalistic values

onc updating trad con values in repsonse to capitalist society

new right neo-libs concerned with free-maret economics and atomistic individualism

new right neo-cons concerned with social order and fragmentation and law and order

Question 6

define conservatism

Answer 6

an ideology which seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

however a conservative supports tradition while accepting change is inevetibale, but will try to keep it to a minimum

Question 7

what did traditional conservtaives believe about the monarchy

Answer 7

liked tradition and big supporters of monarchy as they support established power. did not like the idea of replacing the monarhcy with the state, and were sceptical of free market (though now would be deemed traiditonal to conserve )

Question 8

traditional conservatives belief in an organic society

Answer 8

society is organic as society is an organism that has developed overtime. therefore, change should take place slowly or it would be disastrous as people are not rational and compared to the complexity of society people are simple.

Question 9

what is oakshott’s goal of conservatism ‘boundless and bottmless sea.. keep afloat’

Answer 9

-politics has no end goal, just to survive and maintain tradition within an unpredictable evrr changing society. we should use pragmatic means to evolve in society

Question 10

how did conservatives emerge

Answer 10

during civil war believed sovereign power should remain with king, libs disagreed. after bill of rights, trad cons supported this, though they still favoured sovereign power maintaining with the monarch. transformation by the industrial revolution later on was still supported

Question 11

hobbes view of human nature

Answer 11

people are selfish and fundamentally amoral, will use violence to get what they want, humans are rational but this is limited and we will be led astray easily

Question 12

hobbes view on rationality

Answer 12

like Edmund burke, hobbes believed all humans were rational but since we are not good it would be selfish rationality meaning we are willing to steal and kill to obtain goods. foils ayn rand rational egoism

Question 13

hobbes view on state of nature/society without a state

Answer 13

‘a war of all against all’ where life is ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.’ as the state of nature is lawless. we need a state to guide people

Question 14

hobbes view on rights

Answer 14

did not exist in nature only guaranteed through a state (agreed by all conservatives )

Question 15

hobbes view on the state

Answer 15

social order is impossible without a state, as it creates and maintains rights. so state should be powerful and strong

Question 16

hobbes view on the social contract

Answer 16

foils conservative thinking, believes state is formed by a social contract,, as people are rational ammd the state of nature is terirble, but once enforced it is hard to break away from a social contract

Question 17

Burke view on human nature as a traditional conservative

Answer 17

hobbes saw people as rational but morally corrupt so needed a state BUT

Burke saw humans as intellectually incapable especially when faced with society complexities so projects like the enlightenment would fail as we underestimate society, also believed state was not enough as the people ruling would also be limited

Question 18

Burke view on tradition as a traditional conservative

Answer 18

people needed tradition to guide them as it was a form of human trial and error through history, and it set out what was right to do. this is known as empircism. morality is based on tradition and religion. so established institutions of society (church, family, monarchy) should be preserved and passed from one generation to the next as it has worked as a form of accumulated wisdom

Question 19

Burke view on revolutions as a traditional conservative

Answer 19

they eradicated all forms of tradition and would therefore get rid of accumulated human wisdom and tradition

Question 20

Burke view on organic view of society as a traditional conservative

Answer 20

society was an entity like an rganism that has adapted and evolved, and it has been upheld and established through tradition

Question 21

Burke view on powerful states/absolutism as a traditional conservative

Answer 21

too much state power means giving an individual too much power to carry out their own wishes, saw society as made up by LITTLE PLATOONS that were a source of adapted tradition within smaller areas of society ike the church, family etc. these should be just as important as the state

Question 22

Burke view on unwritten british constitution as a traditional conservative

Answer 22

supportee unwritten british constitution as it allowed for politics to adapt and change as there was no set of rules to adhere to. this was in support for a weaker state

Question 23

Burke view on individualism as a traditional conservative

Answer 23

saw people as members of society as a whole, ‘THE INDIVIDUAL IS FOOLISH, THE SPECIES IS WISE’. tradition tells people how to behave. society formed into a natural hierachy and this was a product of tradition, thus good.

Question 24

Burke view on hierarchy as a traditional conservative

Answer 24

a product of society and tradition, rulers of society like monarch are products of tradition. criticised french revolution but noticed faults of government for nit adhering to people’s needs and not upholding tradition

Question 25

Burke view on authority and obdedience to state as a traditional conservative

Answer 25

state should be respected and people should obey its laws, but it shouldn't have complete obedience as it shouldn't be the only source of authority in society religion should be an authority and enforce moral codes and family too, but didn't want the church to be a large institute, rather part of LITTLE PLATOONS, where people actively took part to help evolve traditions.

Question 26

Burke view on change to conserve as a traditional conservative

Answer 26

change is important as tradition needs to adapt to deal with new changes. french rev was due to monarchy not adapting and changing to people's needs. change shouldn't be radical but pragmatic through small reversible steps so if it does not work it can be undone

Question 27

Burke view on democracy as a traditional conservative

Answer 27

-against full democracy as it would lead to tyranny of representatives trying to appeal to mass poor -elites who were property owners would be able to uphold tradition, and they were educated unlike the poor -believed in representative democracy as mps were able to provide better judgement

Question 28

Burke view on the economy as a traditional conservative

Answer 28

supported free market not because it allowed for freedom of choice (like neo-libs) but because it worked as a tradition. also supported an economic system based on private property as rich would vote to uphold the society which benefits them which inadvertently would conserve tradition, they were also more educated on such manners. however he did believe that wealth should not be the sole aim if it threatened social order, so as the free market changed later on he would've supported the idea of having limitations on it

Question 29

Oakshott view on human nature as ONC

Answer 29

humans are unable to grasps social complexities - similar to burke, thus rejected rationalism of liberalism as it predicted an ideal human life but we are uncapable of doing such

Question 30

Oakshott view on political hierarchy as a ONC

Answer 30

believed big changes or overarching ideas were bound to fail and cause unforeseen consequences, like utopias. change should be pragmatic and not driven by ideas

Question 31

Oakshott view on imperfection as a ONC

Answer 31

any perfect political system was dangerous, imperfections should be changed through cautious change, and we should stick to the system we currently have

Question 32

Oakshott view on rejection of ideologies as a ONC

Answer 32

conservatism was not a system on how society should be run as systems are always wrong, rather it was a DISPOSITION a way of thinking of the world

Question 33

traditional conservatives summary on human imperfection organic society and tradition heirarchy freedoms empiricism

Answer 33

human nature was imperfect as we are intellectually inadequate and should thus stick to tradition we have to follow tradition and trial and error as that has evolved society to what works for it, change should be PRAGMATIC having a hierarchy is good as this is traditional power established by monarchies etc(ex today HOL hereditary peers) freedoms should be limited to minimise harm as we are not rational or morally good. we should also adhere to traditional morality like no gay marriage empiricism means no overarching big theory

Question 34

how can onc be desrcibed as an ideology in one sentence?

Answer 34

a pragmatic approach to conservatism as a political ideology

Question 35

What do ONC think of free market

Answer 35

supported limitations ex like the max hours of working and outlawing children working and supported some state intervention for the welfare state

Question 36

what do ONC think of nationalism/ tradition

Answer 36

are nationalist and support british monarchy, empire, military, making them patriotic. ex: disraeli made monarhcy into a symbol of unity for the country

Question 37

what do ONC think of democracy

Answer 37

necessary to stop uproar and it is also a chnage they need to adapt to. ex: gave working class vote to men.

Question 38

what did ONC think of organic societies

Answer 38

rise of industrialisation created fragmentation between rich and poor like factory workers and owners. they argued owners had to take care of workers to lessen conflict and ensure social order as well as profits

Question 39

what did ONC think of natural hierarchy

Answer 39

believed in natural hierarchy which was disrupted by newly rich capitalists who did not understand traditional aristocracy.

Question 40

what did ONC think of nobless oblige

Answer 40

ONC argued capitalist should set up charities to help those in need like if a worker was sick there was a duty to care. the rich should take care of the poor to stop the possibility of revolts and revolution

Question 41

what did ONC think of welfare state

Answer 41

noblesse oblige was not enough and there should be intervention in the free market to ensure redistribution of wealth for poor people ex: council housing allows councils to build houses at a higher standard than private sector and offer rents and maintenance at a cheaper rate for poor to afford ex: NHS allowed people to receive free healthcare taking care of them

Question 42

what did ONC think of paternalism

Answer 42

rich are like fathers and should look after poor, this can be seen as the equivalent of the state existing allowing for the welfare state

Question 43

what did ONC think of nationalism

Answer 43

saw the british empire as an alternative to free trade a liberal ideology. ti would allow britiain to remian rich as it could exclusively trade within these countries

Question 44

The growth of the state under ONC and why they differ to new right and perhaps traditional in this sense

Answer 44

trad cons like burke favoured a weak state relying on little platoons to help enforce tradition and free emarket which was a good way of distributing goods ONC saw tradition as a central matter of the state. state education allowed them to implement and develop their values to children early on. and after war they accepted the labour implemented welfare 'cradle to grave' as a industry that worked in society also there were more urbanised areas so they had to implement policies that worked pragmatically in these larger towns

Question 45

ONC view on the economy

Answer 45

if private sector was regulated through keynesian economics macmillan suggested their could be more economic growth he didn't suggest complete nationalisation of industries as it could start a revolution, however agreed that current facilities like electricity should continue to be state run