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Anatomy 1B > Control of body systems > Flashcards

Control of body systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Receive sensory inputs, integrate information and produce and appropriate response

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2
Q

What response do sympathetic nerves produce?

A

Fight or flight response

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3
Q

Which number spinal nerves are sympathetic?

A

T1-L2

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4
Q

Where are sympathetic nerves ganglia located?

A

In paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic chain

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5
Q

Where are the different sympathetic chain regions located?

A

Paravertebral- thoracic and lumbar spine

Prevertebral- clustered around the anterior aorta

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6
Q

What nervous system is responsible for rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Which nerves are parasympatetic?

A

Cranial- 3, 7, 9, 10

Spinal- sacral spinal nerves

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8
Q

Where are ganglia located for parasympathetic nerves?

A

Close or within target organ

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory?

A

I
II
VIII

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor?

A 
III
IV
VI
XI
XII
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11
Q

Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?

A

V
VII
IX
X

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12
Q

What is cranial nerve I and what is its role?

A

Olfactory

Smell

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve is optic and what is its role?

A

II

Vision

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14
Q

What is cranial nerve III and what is its role?

A

Oculomotor

Eye movement

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15
Q

What is cranial nerve IV and what is it responsible for?

A

Trochlear

Eye movement

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensation and mastication and which number is it?

A

Trigeminal

V

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17
Q

What is cranial nerve VI and what is its role?

A

Abducens

Eye movement

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve and what is its role?

A

VII

Facial expression and taste

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19
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for balance and hearing and what number is it?

A

Vestibulocochlear

VIII

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20
Q

What is cranial nerve IX and what does it do?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Taste, gag reflex

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve and what is it responsible for?

A

X

Soft palette, pharynx, larynx, and parasympathetics to thorax and abdomen

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22
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for shoulder shrug and what number is it?

A

Accessory

XI

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23
Q

What is cranial nerve XII and what does it do?

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue movement

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24
Q

What are upper motor neurones?

A

Fully in CNS, cell bodies in cerebral cortex.
Initiate voluntary movement
Maintain muscle tone and posture

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25
What do lower motor neurones do?
Innervate skeletal muscle via cranial or spinal nerves
26
What do descending tracts do?
Carry motor signals from the brain to lower motor neurones causing voluntary limb control and involuntary head movement, posture and balance
27
What is the pyramidal system responsible for?
Complex learned voluntary movement, fine motor control from medullary pyramids
28
What is the role of the extrapyramidal system?
Maintain posture, rhythmical activity (eg. locomotion) and semi-automatic processes (eg. feeding)
29
Which nerves are responsible for prehension?
Facial | Hypoglossal
30
Which nerve is responsible for mastication?
Trigeminal
31
How do facial and hypoglossal cranial nerves lead to slaviation?
Cause parasympathetic supply to salivary glands initiated by tactile stimulus in mouth, taste, food thoughts and hunger
32
How do the enteric nervous system plexi regulate digestion?
Myenteric plexus- motility and muscle action | Submucosal plexus- regulate fluid and hormone release
33
What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?
Glossopharyngeal nerve picks up the sensation of food | Vagus nerve causes the action to prevent food entering the pharynx
34
How are gastric secretions regulated?
Cephalic phase causes vagus nerve to act on stomach increasing secretions and releasing hormones The hormones have positive feedback on increasing secretions Stomach distention increases vagus stimulation further increasing secretions
35
How is bile secretion initiated?
Chyme in duodenum stimulates hormone release | Hormones and vagus nerve cause bile secretions and gall bladder contraction
36
How does stomach distension and chyme in duodenum lead to defecation?
Stimulates movement of contents to rectum Faeces distend rectum causing increased colon and rectal contractions Local reflexes act on internal anal sphincter Sensory signals get sent via pelvic nerve and descending tracts regulate defecation reflex Pudendal nerve acts on external anal sphincter
37
What nerve innervates to external urinary sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
38
How does a musculocavernous penis become errect?
Thoughts or stimulation sends signals to sacral spinal cord | Parasympathetic nerves vasodilate arteries in erectile bodies and veins compress so blood flow out is reduced
39
How does a fibroelastic penis become errect?
Decreased sympathetic tone casues relaxation of smooth muscle allowing sigmoid flexure to straighten
40
How is hormone release initiated?
Metabolites, neuronal and hormonal stimuli
41
How is hormone release regulated?
Inhibitory and excitatory feedback mechanisms
42
What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
Infundidium
43
Which part of the pituitary gland is neuronal and which part is hormonal
Posterior- neuronal | Anterior- hormonal
44
How does the posterior pituitary release hormones?
Stimuli increases/decreases action potentials in hypothalamic neurones Action potentials travel to posterior pituitary Hormones in axon terminals get released into bloodstream
45
What are examples of hormones released by the pituitary gland?
Posterior- ADH , oxytocin | Anterior- LH, FSH, thryroid stimulating hormone
46
How does the anterior pituitary release hormones?
Hypothalmic neurone release inhibitory/releasing hormones Hormones flow in blood to anterior pituitary Hormones pass into pituitary cells to stimulate/inhibit hormone release into the blood
47
What are the different cells present in the testes roles?
Leydig cells- secrete testosterone Sertoli cells- support developing germ cell Germ cell- mature as reach the lumen
48
What is the structure of the thyroid?
``` 2 lobes connected by isthmus Highly vascular Walls are follicular cells/simple cuboidal epithelium Filled with thyroglobulin Parafollicular cells between follicles ```
49
What do the different cells in the thyroid release?
Follicular cells- T3 and T4 | Parafollicular cells- calcatonin
50
Where is the thymus?
Neck and superior thorax
51
What is the role of the thymus?
Release thymosin | Immune development
52
What is the role of the pineal gland?
Produce and release melatonin to control sleep cycles and seasonal breeding by affecting LH and FSH release
53
How is melatonin release regulated?
Light enters eye stimulating hypothalamus Impulses sent to pineal via sympathetic nerves More light causes less impulses and less melatonin production
54
Where are parathyroid glands?
4 on posterior surface of thyroid gland
55
What do parathyroid glands do?
Secrete parathyroid hormone to increase Ca2+ into blood
56
What do the different adrenal gland regions release?
Cortex- steroid hormones | Medulla- adrenaline and noradrenaline
57
What do the different types of pancreas release?
Endocrine- digestive hormones | Exocrine- digestive enzymes secreted by acini cells
58
What observations about muscles can be used to predict their actions?
Origin insertion Joint muscle crosses Muscle fibre direction
59
What action does the anterior compartment of upper arm have?
Elbow flexors
60
What action does the anterior compartment of the forearm have?
Carpal and digit flexors
61
What action does the posterior compartment of the upper arm have?
Elbow extensors
62
What action does the posterior compartment of the forearm have?
Carpal and digit extensors
63
What action does the anterior compartment of the thigh have?
Knee externsor
64
What action does the medial compartment of the thigh have?
Thigh adductor
65
What action does the posterior compartment of the thigh have?
Knee flexor
66
What action does the anterior compartment of the lower leg have?
Dorsiflex ankle and extend digits
67
What action does the posterior compartment of the leg have?
Plantarflex ankle and flex digits
68
What supplies dermatomes and myotomes?
Somatic spinal nerves
69
Where does the spinal cord have intumescence and why?
Cervical and lumbosacral regions | Supply limbs so high amounts of inputs and outputs
70
Name the plexuses that supply the limbs
Brachial- upper limbs | Lumbosacral- lower limbs
71
What are motor cortices?
Brain and spinal regions C6-T2 that initiate and control movement
72
(Anterior to posterior) Name the motor cortices regions in the brains and their role
Prefrontal area- motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement Premotor area- organise motor function before initiation Primary motor cortex- initiate and control voluntary movement
73
Name the roles of the cerebellum
``` Posture Muscle tone Balance Fine motor coordination Movement modification Planning complex actions ```
74
Define basal nuclei
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the brain
75
What is the role of basal nuclei?
Planning, organising and coordinating movement | Posture
76
Where are intercostal nerves loctaed?
Between ribs
77
Explain the role of musculocutaneous nerve
Elbow flexor | Sensory innervation of skin in area
78
What does the radial nerve innervate?
Elbow extensors | Carpal and digit extensors
79
What does the median/ulnar nerve innervate?
Carpus and digit flexors
80
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
Thigh adductor
81
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
Knee extensor
82
What movement does the sciatic nerve innervate?
Knee flexor
83
What does the fibular nerve innervate?
Hock flexor | Digit extensors
84
What does the tibial nerve innervate?
Hock extensor | Digit flexor

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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