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Anatomy 1B > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

Digestive tract organs
Glands
Accessory sturcture

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2
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion
Mastication/chewing
Mixing and propulsion
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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3
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical- physical disruption of food into smaller parts

Chemical- enzymes break into constituent parts

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4
Q

What is meant by the digestive tract?

A

Tubular pathway from oral cavity to anus/cloaca

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5
Q

What organs are in teh foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall bladder
Proximal duodenum
Pancreas
Spleen
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6
Q

What organs are in the midgut?

A 
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
2/3 transverse colon
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7
Q

What organs are in the hindgut?

A

1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

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8
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system and what are their roles?

A

Liver- degrade toxins, bile production
Gall bladder- store and concentrate bile
Pancreas- enzyme and hormone release
Spleen- lymphatic organ but shares digestive blood suply

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9
Q

Which aortic branches supply which regions of the GI system?

A

Coeliac trunk- foregut
Superior mesenteric artery- midgut
Inferior mesenteric artery- hindgut

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10
Q

How does blood drain from the GI system into the heart?

A

Into hepatic portal vein to the liver for detoxification then into inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the regions of the GI system?

A

Foregut- coeliac ganglion
Midgut- superior mesenteric ganglion
Hindgut- inferior mesenteric ganglion

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the regions of the GI systmem?

A

Foregut and midgut- vagus nerve

Hindgut- pelvic splanchnic nerve

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13
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage from the GI tract

A

Inferior mesenteric (hindgut), superior mesenteric (midgut) and coeliac (foregut) lymph nodes drain to cisterna chyli then thorax then thoracic duct

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14
Q

What makes up the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

Continuous with pelvic cavity ending at pelvic inlet

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16
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal walls?

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscle
Transversalis fascia
Parietal peritoneum
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17
Q

Which spinal nerves innervate abdominal walls?

A

T7-L1

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18
Q

What is the blood supply to abdominal walls?

A

Superior epigastric artery- branch of internal thoracic artery from subclavian artery
Inferior epigastric artery- branch of external iliac artery

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19
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis/flat tendon sheet enclosing muscles

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20
Q

What is the function of abdominal wall muscles?

A

Enclose and protect viscera

Manage abdominal pressure

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21
Q

What are the posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Quadratus lumborum- connects pelvis with inferior ribs
Psoas muscle- from vertebral column to hind limbs
Iliacus muscle- from ileum to hind limb

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22
Q

What are the ventrolateral muscles in order of superficial to deep?

A

Rectus abdominis- down front of abdomen, linea alba lies down the centre and tendons cross at intersections
External obliques- inferomedial from ribs to aponeurosis
Internal obliques- superiomedial from pelvis to aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominis- from rectus abdominals to vertebrae

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23
Q

How is the abdomen split into quadrants?

A

Median and transumbilical planes through the umbilicus

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24
Q

Define the peritoneum

A

Single cell layer of serous tissue lining the abdominal cavity

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25
What does the different parts of the peritoneum cover?
Parietal- abdominal walls | Visceral- organs
26
Define retroperitoneal
Covered in peritoneum but not surrounded fully, behind the peritoneum
27
Define intraperitoneal
Organs fully surrounded by peritoneum
28
Define subperitoneal
Structures below the peritoneum
29
How are organs connected to the abdominal walls?
Ligaments
30
Define mesentary
Reflections of peritoneum surrounding blood vessels and nerves and holding intestines in place
31
Define omentum
Peritoneum connecting stomach to GI organs to hold everything in place
32
Explain the difference between the lesser and greater omentums
Lesser- stomach to liver | Greater- stomach to colon
33
What is the function of the oral cavity?
Mechanical digestion- mastication | Chemical digestion- salivary amylase
34
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Roof- hard and soft palette Floor- tongue Anterior- Oral fissure and lips Posterior- oropharyngeal istmus
35
What are the areas of the oral cavity?
Oral vestibule- space between the teeth and gums and lips and teeth Oral cavity proper- cavity tongue is found
36
What are the components of the oral cavity?
``` Lips Soft palette Hard palette Teeth Tongue Salivary glands ```
37
Describe the structure of the lips and their role
Musculofibrous folds surrounding the mouth | Close oral cavity, taking in food and communication
38
What is the orbicularis oris?
Sphincter of the mouth
39
What is the role of the soft palette?
Depresses to close opening to pharynx | Elevates to separate nasopharynx and oropharynx
40
What is the structure of the soft palette?
Muscle lined with mucosa
41
What is the structure of the tongue?
Muscular organ covered in mucus membrane of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Root attaches to hyoid bone and mandible and body sits in oral cavity
42
What does the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Intrinsic- changes tongue shape | Extrinsic- moves tongue around cavity
43
What is the role of the tongue in digestion?
Swallowing Speech Taste
44
What bones make up the oral cavity?
Maxilla- upper jaw | Mandible- lower jaw
45
What makes up the mandible?
``` Condylar process- joint with upper jaw Coronoid process- extension in front of condylar process Ramus- vertical body Angle- corner Body- horizontal body ```
46
What makes up the hard palette?
Premaxilla (quadrupeds) Maxilla Palatine- centre and behind maxilla
47
What is the lining of the hard palette?
Thick mucosa with rugae | Keratinised in epithelium in herbivores
48
Describe the muscles of mastication
Temporalis- closes jaw by pulling up mandible Masseter- closes jaw and allows lateral movement Lateral pterygoid- opens jaw Medial pterygoid- closes jaw
49
What is the nervous supply of the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve
50
What are the components of the teeth?
Enamel- protects tooth Dentine Pulp- contains nerve Periodontal ligament- holds tooth in root
51
What are the different tooth positions?
Acrodont- emerge from jaw with no root Pleurodont- rooted on one side Thecodont- anchored in jaw on both sides of root
52
What is meant by diphyodonts and polyphodonts?
Di- animals with deciduous and permanent set of teeth | Poly- animals with multiple sets of teeth
53
What are the different shapes of teeth?
Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
54
What are major and minor salivary glands?
Major- paired glands away from oral cavity, drain by long ducts Minor- present throughout oral cavity mucosa
55
What is produced by salivary glands?
Produce watery secretions containing amylase and antimicrobial agents
56
Where are the different major salivary glands located?
Parotid- under and slightly below ear Buccal- behind maxilla bone below eye Sublingual- below tongue Mandibular- behind mandible
57
What are the functions of the salivary glands and their secretions?
``` Digestion Mineralisation of teeth Antimicrobial roles Lubrication Agglutination of bacteria Taste Hydration detection ```
58
Which salivary gland is only present in quadrupeds?
Buccal
59
Describe the components of the pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Combined respiratory and digestive tract
60
What are the pharynx regions lined by?
Nasopharynx- respiratory epithelium | Oropharynx and laryngopharynx- non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
61
What is the purpose of the oesophagus?
Carry food from pharynx to stomach
62
What is the oesophagus lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium mucosa
63
What are the muscles or the oesophagus?
Inner circular- constricts lumen | Outer longitudinal- shortens tract
64
List the functions of the stomach
Food storage Mechanical digestion by churning Chemical digestion
65
List the anatomical parts of stomach structure?
Lower oesophageal sphincter Lesser curvature Greater curvature Pyloric sphincter
66
What are the regions of the stomach?
Cardia- small area under oesophageal sphincter Fundus- area above oesophageal sphincter Body- main bulk of the stomach Pylorus- tapered end of the stomach
67
What muscle types are present in the stomach?
Circular Longitudinal Oblique
68
What allows stomach distension?
Rugae
69
Describe the stomach lining of horses
Glandular and non-glandular lining separated by margo plicatus
70
Describe the avian stomach
Oesophagus joins glandular proventriculus which connects to muscular ventriculus/gizzard where ingested pebbles aid digestion
71
What is foregut fermentation?
Specialised ruminant stomach for cellulose digestion by commensal bacteria
72
Why is the stomach enlarged in foregut fermentors?
Increased surface area for bacteria and absorption of free fatty acids produced by bacteria
73
What is the ruminoreticula grove?
Adaptation in young ruminants to allow ingested milk to skip fermentation and rumen as closes when suckling and connect oesophagus directly to omasum
74
What are the chambers of foregut fermenters stomach and their order from oesophagus to duodenum?
Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum
75
What is the function and structure of the rumen?
Receive, hold and ferment swallowed food Lots of bacteria present Regurgitation, remastication and reswallowing Distinctive papillated mucosa lining
76
What is the structure and function of the reticulum?
Small accessory chamber with distinctive honey comb mucosa | Very contractile to slosh chyme back and forth with rumen
77
What is the structure and function of the omasum?
Epithelium folded in laminae | Pumps food into abomasum
78
What is the structure and function of the abomasum?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium lightly folded | Enzymatic digestion of protein and fat, highly acidic
79
What marks the foregut-midgut divide?
Major duodenal papilla- where common bile duct and main pancreatic duct drain into duodenum
80
What are the different parts of the pancreas?
Exocrine- digestive enzyme production | Endocrine- regulate blood sugars by producing hormones
81
What is the gall bladders structure and lining?
Pear shaped sac under right lobe of liver | Lined with simple columnar epithelium
82
Describe how bile travels from the liver
Ducts collect bile from left and right lobes of liver which connect and drain into gall bladder Then drains into duodenum
83
Describe the anatomical lobes of the liver from anterior and posterior views
Anterior view- right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament Inferior view- right and left lobes, quadrate lobe close to gall bladder, caudate lobe close to inferior vena cava
84
Explain the role of bile
Emulsifies fat making it easier for enzymes to digest
85
What is the portal triad?
Found in centre of the four lobes containing hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct
86
What is meant by a lobule of the liver and what is it made up of?
Functional unit of the liver Central hepatic venule going to hepatic vein surrounded by hepatic sinusoids, portal veins, bile ductules and hepatic arteries
87
What are lobules separated by?
Interlobular connective tissue
88
What is the function of the liver?
Produce and secrete bile | Detoxify blood from GI tract
89
What is the role of the different parts of the spleen?
Red pulp- removes particles from circulation including old erythrocytes White pulp- lymphocyte production and immune response
90
Where is the spleen located in relation to other structures in the abdomen?
Under diaphragm and behind stomach
91
What are the functions of the small intestine?
Chemical digestion by pancreatic and intestinal juice | Absorption of fat, protein and carbohydrates
92
Where is the duodenum located?
Encircling pancreas, fixed in position by short messentary
93
What is the purpose of bruners glands in the duodenum?
Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise digestive contents from stomach
94
Where is the jejunum and ileum located?
Jejunum- mainly in upper left quadrant Ileum- mainly in lower right quadrant Both mobile from long mesentery
95
What is the structure of the jejunum?
Highly folded lining, plicae circularis covered in villi and microvilli Thin mesentery with simple blood supply
96
Describe the structure of the ileum?
Thin walls with peyers patches and gut associated lymphoid tissue Thick fat filled mesentery with complex blood supply
97
What is the caecum?
Saclike structure at start of colon with connection to ileum called ileocecal junction
98
Where is the appendix and what species dont have one?
Connected to inferior caecum | Horse, dog or ox
99
What is meant by midgut fermentation?
Cellulose digestion by commensal bacteria in hugely expanded caecum and ascending colon
100
How do commensal bacteria aid midgut fermentation?
Produce enzymes that breakdown cellulose to volatile fatty acids with them being absorbed by the caecum and ascending colon
101
Describe the stomachs of midgut fermentors
Single chambered with no rumination
102
How does midgut fermentation compare to foregut?
Faster but less efficient so need constant grazing | Soluble sugars are absorbed before fermentation
103
What is caecotrophy?
Form of midgut fermentation where caecotrophs are produced in caecum and proximal colon
104
Explain the process of caecotroph production
Fusus coli regulates colonic contraction and segmental and haustral contractions separate ingesta into solids and liquids Caecotrophs are eaten from the anus, swallowed and redigested allowing maximun nutrient absorption
105
Explain the structure of the colon
Taeniae coli- longitudinal muscles along length of colon pulls to form haustra/bulges
106
Explain the different arrangements of the colon in pigs and cows
Spiral loop Pigs- conical Cows- flat
107
Describe the lining of the colon
Smooth mucosa to absorb salt and water | Walls contain intestinal glands
108
What is the role of the levator ani muscle in the pelvic floor and what muscles make it up?
Pulls up anus and supports rectum | Iliococoygeus, pubococcygeus and puborectalis muscles
109
What is the function of puborectalis muscle?
Wraps around rectum causing it to bend, tonicly contracted and further contracts to prevent defecation, relaxes to straighten rectum allowing defecation
110
Describe the structure of the cloaca
Coprodeum- entry of colon Urodeum- entry of ureters Proctodeum- entry of reproductive system
111
What is the purpose of the rectum?
Store faecal mass before defecation
112
Describe the relations of the rectum
Superior- peritoneum and abdominal viscera Posterior- sacrum, coccyx and pelvic floor Anterior- vagina/prostate and bladder Inferior- anus
113
What is the innervation of external anal sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
114
What is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?
Splanchnic nerve
115
What is the pectinate line?
Separates the visceral and parietal parts of the anus
116
What are the origins, innervation and blood supply of the anus above the pectinate line?
Endoderm derived epithelium Visceral motor and sensory innervation Blood drains to hepatic portal vein
117
What are the origin, innervation and blood supply of the anus below the pectinate line?
Ectoderm derived keratinised squamous epithelium Somatic motor and sensory innervation Blood drains to systemic circulation
118
What germ layer does the primitive gut tube arise from?
Endoderm
119
How does the primitive gut tube fold in the embryo?
Lateral folding- lateral sides of embryo roll in to form primitive gut tube Longitudinal folding- way of establishing foregut, midgut and hindgut, reduces connection of gut tube to yolk sac to a small connection
120
Describe the development of the midgut
Rapidly lengthens to exceed capacity of abdominal cavity Forms U-shaped loop that leaves the cavity Top of loop becomes jejunum and upper ileum, bottom becomes the rest of the midgut Counter clockwise 90 degree rotation brings lower loop to embryos left side As embryo grows cavity gets bigger allowing gut tube to return to abdomen 180 degree rotation brings appendix to upper right quadrant before growth forces it to lower right quadrant
121
How does the cloaca become separated into the genital, urinary and anal tracts?
Urorectal septum divides cloaca into urogenital sinus and dorsally into rectoanal canal
122
Describe the development of the stomach
Fusiform dilation of foregut embryo 90 degree rotation brings left side ventrally and right side dorsally Differential growth establishes greater and lesser curvatures as left side grows more quickly Craniocaudal rotation tips pylorus superiorly
123
Describe how the liver develops
Foregut endoderm adjacent to septum becomes liver under signals from the heart and septum transversum Made up of endoderm buds surrounded by mesoderm
124
Explain how the pancreas develops
2 outgrowths caudal to forming liver become ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts
125
Explain how the oesophagus is developed
2 tracheoesophageal folds divide cranial foregut into trachea and oesophagus Lengthens as embryo grows
126
Explain the congenital abnormality of a stenosis
Oesophagus becomes filled in so needs to recanalize before birth, failure causes regurgitation after feeding
127
Explain the congenital hiatal hernia
Oesophagus doesn't lengthen properly so stomach gets pulled up through oesophageal hiatus making hiatus weak and other structures move into thorax
128
Describe the midline incision
Cut from xiphoid process to pubis, entering through rectus sheath
129
What are suprapubic incisions used for?
Gynaecological or pregnancy operations
130
What does the subcostal incisions allow access to?
Liver, biliary tree and spleen
131
What incision should you use for exploratory procedures?
Longitudinal
132
What is the incision for appendectomy?
McBurneys
133
When are flank incisions used?
Rumenectomy
134
What is the benefits of laparoscopic procedures?
Less pain Complications Better recovery
135
Define a gastrointestinal anastomoses
Reduction of stomach capacity and absorptive region of small intestine using jejunum as a graft
136
What is a gastric sleeve?
Portion of stomach removed creating tube like stomach
137
What is a gastric bypass?
Small amount of stomach connected to retracted small intestine to bypass digestion, grafted to cardia
138
What is a jejunal anastomoses?
Reduction in jejunum length
139
What is the name for a gall bladder removal?
Cholecystectomy
140
What is a whipple procedure?
Removal of head of pancreas, duodenum, gall bladder and bile duct with remaining organs reattached to allow normal digestion
141
Where does pain from organs refer to?
Foregut- epigastric/upper centre of abdomen Midgut- umbilicus/ middle of abdomen Hindgut- pubic region/lower abdomen

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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