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Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A 
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory glands
Urethra
Penis
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2
Q

Describe how testes move into the scrotum

A

Develop in abdomen at level of kidneys
Migrate through hole in abdominal wall/inguinal canal into scrotum around time of birth, carrying spermatic cord and some fascia to cover sac
Descent is guided by gubernaculum

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3
Q

What is in the spermatic cord?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus deferens

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4
Q

What is the risk of leaving testes undescended?

A

Germ cell tumours

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5
Q

Where is sperm produced in the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

Describe the structure of mature sperm

A

Head- streamlined, acrosome head with enzymes to penetrate ovum, nucleus with highly condensed chromosomes
Midpiece- lots of mitochondria
Tail- flagellum for propulsive forward swimming

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7
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Collect sperm from seminiferous tubules to mature, store, concentrate and transport sperm

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8
Q

What causes sperm maturation in the epidiymis?

A

Maturation factors

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9
Q

How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?

A

12-14 days

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10
Q

Why is thermoregulation of the testes important?

A

Allow normal function and production of sperm

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11
Q

How are the testes thermoregulated?

A

Pampiniform plexus, small network of veins

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12
Q

What is the role of the ductus deferens?

A

Transport sperm from epididymis to urethra

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13
Q

What are the walls of the the ductus deferens made of and why?

A

Thick smooth muscle

Contract to propel sperm movement

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14
Q

What is the pathway of the structures the ductus deferens passes through?

A

Inguinal canal
Abdomen
Around bladder
Accessory sex glands

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15
Q

What is the role of the urethra?

A

Carry ejaculate and urine from base of bladder to external urethral opening

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16
Q

What is the lining of the urethra?

A

Urothelium

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17
Q

What are the parts of the urethra?

A

Prostatic- passes through prostate
Membranous- passes through perineal membrane
Spongy/penile- runs through penis

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18
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Divides pelvic area from whats below and provides attachment for external genitalia

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19
Q

List the accessory sex organs

A 
Ampulla
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Vagina 
Bulbourethral glands
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20
Q

What is the role of the accessory sex glands?

A

Make up seminal fluid part of semen

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21
Q

Where are the ampulla located and what do they produce?

A

Dilated distal ends of the ductus deferens

Minor amounts of seminal fluid

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22
Q

What does seminal vesicles fluid contain?

A

Fructose- energy
Fibrinogen- coagulation
Enzymes

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23
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

Connected to ductus deferens to form short ejaculatory duct whihc joins the urethra

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24
Q

Describe the secretions of the prostate glands

A

Thin and milky

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25
What does prostate secretions contain?
Buffers- acidic urethra and vagina | Clotting factors- act on fibrinogen to coagulate
26
What is the role of bulbourethral glands?
Produce small amounts of clear pre ejaculatory fluid to help flush urethra before ejaculate comes through
27
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Level of perineal membrane
28
Describe the process of ejactulation
Sympathetic mediated contraction of ductus deferens walls Sperm propelled to combine with secretions from accessory glands Joins ejaculatory duct then enters urethra at seminal colliculus Prostate contractions help release prostatic secretions Powerful somatic urethral contractions propel semen out of the body
29
What are the two stages of ejaculation?
Seminal emission | Ejaculatory phase
30
What are the different parts of the penis?
Root- attached to perineal membrane and partly to crura Body- two crura running side by side Glans- swollen distal end, contains external urethral orifice for passage of semen
31
What are the two types of erectile penile tissue?
Corpora cavernosa- paired cavernous bodies, main erectile tissue attached to perineal membrane Corpora spongiosum- surrounds urethra forming bulb which joins perineal membrane and forms glans
32
What and where are the vessels in the penis?
Dorsal artery, deep artery and artery of bulb branching off internal pudendal artery, branch of internal iliac artery Found dorsal to corpus spongiosum
33
How does testicular orientation vary between species?
Horizontal- cats Vertical- bull, ram, humans Diagonal- dogs, boar, stallion Snakes- internal
34
How do bulbourethral glands vary between species?
Dog- none Ox- small Pig- long and vertical Horse- long and diagonal
35
What is the gland equivalent to humans seminal vesicles?
Vesicular glands
36
What are the two types of penis?
Musculocavernous | Fibroelastic
37
Describe a musculocavernous penis and name species with this type
Flaccid when not in use Engorges with blood to become erect Man, horse, dog, cat
38
Describe the fibroelastic penis and name species with this type
Solid structure that elongates due to relaxation of retractor penis muscle allowing sigmoid flexure to straighten Ox, boar, ram
39
Name the components of the female reproductive system
``` Ovaries Uterus Vagina Cervix Uterine tube External genitalia ```
40
What does the ovarian ligament connect together?
Uterus to ovaries
41
What is the role of the ovaries?
Oogenesis/egg maturation | Hormone production to maintain structures linings
42
Describe the structure of the human ovaries
Tunica albuginea- fibrous outer coat Outer cortex- contains follicles and reserve of eggs Primordial- reserve follicles Inner medulla- contains vessels and nerves Maturing and matured follicles
43
What does the broad ligament connect together?
Ovary to uterine tube
44
What supplies uterine tube with blood vessels?
Suspensory ligament
45
What are the regions and roles of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum- finger like fimbriae to collect ova and waft down tube by cilia and peristalsis Ampulla- wider, site of fertilisation Isthmus- join uterus, narrowed part of tube
46
What is the role of the uterus?
Implantation and pregnancy, shedding lining when no pregnancy established
47
What causes the uterus lining to be shed?
Declining levels of progesterone
48
Describe the structure of the uterus
Fundus- uterine tubes enter Body- bulk of uterus, site of implantation Cervix- external os, barrier between uterus and vagina
49
What are the uterus walls made of?
Thick smooth muscle lined with endometrium which thickens for implantation
50
What is the cervix made of?
Collagenous dense smooth muscles lined with squamous epithelium
51
What are the different shaped cervixes?
Nulliparous- circle shaped | Parous- slit shaped after vaginal birth
52
What is the function of the cervical canal?
Secrete mucus, kept thick by progesterone to maintain a barrier and made thin by oestrogen to allow sperm to penetrate
53
What is the normal position of the uterus?
Anteflexed and anteverted
54
What holds the uterus in position?
Round ligament
55
What is the structure of the vagina?
Distensible smooth muscle walls to allow expansion, lined with stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium Small glands present for secretion of lubricant
56
What is the role of the vagina?
Copulation Passage of menses Birth canal
57
Describe the female erectile body
Clitoris, female homologue of penis | Bulb surrounding vestibule
58
What is the blood supply to the female reproductive system?
Ovarian artery branching off aorta from L2 anastomoses with uterine and vaginal arteries from internal iliac artery
59
Explain the different locations of follicles in ovaries of different species
Most species have cortical follicles which burst on external surface when mature Horses- follicles are in the medulla and empty in ovarian fossa Birds and reptiles- only one functional ovary comprised of a cluster of follicles
60
Define ovarian fossa
Depression in medial border of ovary
61
What are the different types of uteruses and what species have them?
Simplex- one cervix, large uterine body with no horns, humans Bicornuate- one cervix, small uterine body with long horns, dogs, pigs, horses, sheep Duplex- 2 cervixes, separate horns, no uterine body, rats, rabbits
62
Define vestibule
Common opening for urogenital systems
63
Describe the uterine tube in egg laying species
``` Infundibulum- collects yolk, fertilisation site Magnum- albumen production Isthmus- form shell membranes Uterus- form shell and incubates Vagina- muscular to aid laying ```
64
What cells are present in seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cells- in surrounding connective tissue to produce testosterone Steroli cells- support developing germ cells to form syncytium by providing correct environment for sperm development Germ cells- mature as move into lumen, line epithelium
65
What is in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
Fluid containing mature haploid cells
66
What are the different regions of the epididymus?
Head- efferent ductules | Tail- duct of epididymis
67
Define oogenesis
Egg maturation
68
Define folliculogenesis
Follicle maturation including the egg
69
Describe the walls of the uterine tube
Outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle lined with ciliated columnar epithelium Secretory cells present for nourishment
70
What are the layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium- peritoneum covering outer surface Myometrium- 3 thick smooth muscle layers Endometrium- innermost layer, vascular and glandular
71
What is meant by sexual differentiation?
Duct/genital, neuroendocrine and behavioural sex
72
What are the different periods for fetal development and sexual differentiation?
Preembryonic- indifferent gonadal differentiation for first 3 weeks Embryonic- weeks 3-8 with differentiation beginning at week 5 Fetal period- weeks 9 onwards, growth and development of foetus
73
Describe genotypic sex
Determined by chromosomes at conception
74
What is meant by the early embryonic gonads being bipotential?
Gonadal ridge is able to develop into male and female reproductive tracts
75
What is the genetic factor that determines sex?
Presence of SRY protein transcription factor on Y chromosome which is testis determining factor
76
How is gonadal sex formed?
Primordial germ cells at week 5 migrate from yolk sac to genital ridge to become oocytes or spermatazoa SRY forms testes, absence forms ovaries
77
Describe how male gonads form
Testosterone present Paramesonephric duct regressed due to antimullanarian hormone By week 8 mesonephric duct forms male tract
78
Describe how female gonads form
Paramesonephric duct differentiates Primary sex cords breakdown Secondary sex cords become follicles At week 9 paramesonephric ducts give rise to female tract
79
What is present in the indifferent gonads?
Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Proliferating sex cords
80
What hormone causes the formation of the penis?
Dihydrotestosterone
81
What is the role of testosterone for male reproductive development?
From leydig cells | Stimulate mesonephric ducts to form epididymis, ductus deferens and seminal vesicles
82
What does the absence of antimullerian hormone do in female reproductive tract development?
Develops paramesonephric ducts which form upper vagina, uterus and oviducts
83
Where do the different parts of the female reproductive tract develop from?
Uterus- fusion of paramesonephric ducts | Lower vagina- urogenital sinus
84
What is the role of hormonal sex?
Influences neuroendocrine and brain sex and behaviour
85
How is hormonal sex determined?
Testis- high androgen levels | Ovary- high oestrogen levels
86
How do hormones influence sex specific behaviours?
Expression of hormone receptors in the brain
87
Where does the hypogastric nerve originate and what does it innervate?
Caudal mesenteric ganglia | Sympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera causing penis to stay flaccid as contracts vessels/retractor muscle
88
What is the role of pelvic nerve?
Parasympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera
89
What is the role of the pudendal nerve?
Somatic innervation to pelvic viscera, external genitalia and external sphincters
90
What somatic pelvic nerves are also present in cows?
Obturator nerve- supply abductor muscles of hind limb Sciatic nerve- supplies hind limb Caudal rectal nerve- branch of pudendal nerve, supplies pelvic diaphragm muscles and external anal sphincter
91
What are the main arteries that supply the lower human body?
Common iliac arteries branch off aorta External iliac artery- lower limbs and anterior abdominal walls Femoral artery- lower limbs Internal iliac- pelvic viscera, branches into umbilical, internal pudendal, prostatic/vaginal
92
What are the main nerves that supply the human lower body?
Branches of lumbosacral plexus Femoral nerve- anterior thigh, knee extension Obturator nerve- medial compartment of thigh, hip adduction Pudendal nerve- skin around genitalia, motor control of sphincters Sciatic nerve- motor and sensory innervation to lower limb
93
Explain how pregnancy effects the abdominal organs
Moves some up and back Bladder compressed Progesterone slows digestion
94
What are general effects of pregnancy on the body?
Restricted venous return- varicose veins and oedema Increased melanin production- melasma due to increased pigmentation Relaxin produced at end of pregnancy- loosens joints and ligaments, particularly sacroiliac joint for birth canal and softens cervix
95
What are mammary glands and what type of secretion do they do?
Modified enlarged sweat glands that carry out apocrine secretion
96
What is the structure of mammary glands walls?
Cuboidal epithelium surrounded by myoepithelium
97
How do mammary glands change with pregnancy and puberty?
Pregnancy- rapidly proliferate to enlarge and form alveoli, later secreting secretory material Puberty- enlarge with adipose and connective tissue
98
What is the purpose of the areolar glands?
Lubricate and protect the nipple
99
How does domestic species mammary glands drain?
``` Lobes Lactiferous duct Gland sinus Teat sinus Teat ```
100
What is the purpose of the narrowing of each sinus in the teat?
Contains smooth muscle, which open on suckling
101
What are the hormonal changes when fertilised egg implants?
Egg produces human chorionic gonadotropin which maintains corpus luteum Corpus luteum continues to produce oestrogen and progesterone until placenta established High progesterone also prevents further ovulation
102
What happens to the uterus lining in the oestrus cycle when there is no implantation?
Reabsorbed
103
What is the different between menses and oestrus?
Menses- shedding of endometrium | Oestrus- period of sexual activity
104
Define seasonal monoestrus and name a species with this cycle
1 period of sexual activity during a season at one time of year Fox
105
Define dioestrus and name a species with this cycle
Go into oestrus twice a year | Dog
106
Define polyoestrus and name a species with this cycle
Succession of oestrus cycles during the year Cat Cow
107
Define seasonal polyoestrus and name species with this cycle
Succession of oestrus cycles during certain time of year | Sheep
108
What organs are bypassed in foetal circulation?
Liver | Lungs
109
What supplies oxygen rich blood to the foetus?
Placenta via the umbilical veins
110
What happens to the blood supply to the foetus at birth?
First breath causes pulmonary vessels to open and pulmonary circulation takes over
111
What is the role of the umbilical vein and what does it become after birth?
Oxygenated blood from placenta to liver | Teres ligament covered by falciform ligament
112
What is the role of paired umbilical arteries and what do they do after birth?
Deoxygenated blood from aorta to placenta | Proximal ends stay open to supply bladder, distal ends close
113
What is the role of ductus venosus and what does it become after birth?
Connects umbilical vein to caudal vena cava allowing oxygenated blood to bypass the liver Ligamentum venosum
114
What is the role of the foramen ovale and what does it become after birth?
Allows oxygenated blood to go straight from right to left atrium Closes to become fossa ovalis
115
What is the role of the ductus arteriosis and what does it become after birth?
Allows blood to bypass the lungs, connecting pulmonary trunk to aorta Closes to become ligamentum arteriosum
116
Why may IUDs be used in cattle?
Sync breeding cycles in a herd
117
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
Increase oestrogen and progesterone so low LH and FSH, causing thick cervical mucus and thin endometrium
118
What are fetal membranes and list the 4 membranes?
``` Structures developed from fertilised ovum that dont form part of the embryo Amnion Chorion Allantosis Yolk sac ```
119
Where does the placenta develop?
Where blastocyst implants from chorion and maternal endometrium
120
Define decidua
Part of endometrium involved in placenta
121
How are the amniotic and chorionic cavity related in human pregnancy?
As amniotic cavity increases, chorionic decreases causing them to fuse
122
What are the different types of placenta and what species have them?
Diffuse- villi scattered over whole chorion, horses, pigs Zonary- placenta forms complete or incomplete band around foetus, dogs, cats Discoid- part of chorion smooth and other parts interact with enometruim to form placenta, humans Cotyledonary- villi grouped in balls seperated by regions of smooth chorion, ruminants
123
Define caruncle
Oval thickenings of uterine mucosa resulting from proliferation of sub epithelial connective tissue, only site to attach fetal membranes
124
Define choleydons
Transmit fetal blood and allow exchange with maternal blood
125
Where are the different fetal membranes found?
Yolk sac- some taken in to form gut tube, external parts form choriovitelline placenta Amnion- surrounds embryo, attached at ubilicus Chorion- associated with endometrium, villi project to bring fetal and maternal blood close Allantoic- outgrowth of hindgut, part connected to chorion forms chorioallantoic placenta
126
What is the positioning of the allantoic membrane in dogs and horses?
Totally surrounds amnion so only chorioallantoic connections exist Born totally enclosed in amnion Chorioallantoic membrane reabsorbed after birth
127
What is the positioning of allantoic membrane in ruminants and pigs
Connected to chorion so amniotic membrane ruptures for birth
128
List the drainage from mammary glands
``` Lobule Interlobular ducts Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Pore in nipple ```

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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