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Coordination + Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers used in the body created by the endocrine system
They are carried in the bloodstream and affect target organs that have specific receptors

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3
Q

Insulin

A

Produced in pancreas
Lowers blood glucose - converts glucose to glycogen

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4
Q

FSH

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Stimulates egg development - maturation
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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5
Q

LH

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Stimulates ovulation

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6
Q

ADH

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Controls water content of the blood

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7
Q

Growth hormone

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Speeds up the rate of growth and development in children

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8
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormones

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Tells the thyroid to make and release thyroid hormones in blood

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9
Q

Thyroxine

A

Produced in thyroid gland
Controls the body’s metabolic rate

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10
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced in pancreas
Raises blood glucose

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11
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced in ovaries
Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics
Thickens uterus lining

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced in ovaries
Maintains uterus lining

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

Controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Nervous system vs endocrine system

A

Nervous:
- impulses transmitted through nerve cells (although chemical at synapses)
- impulses travel fast and have an instant effect
- response usually short lived
- localised effect

Endocrine:
- works by hormones transported in the blood
- impulses travel more slowly and take longer to act
- response usually longer lasting
- widespread effect

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15
Q

Adrenaline impact on heart

A

Increases heart rate
More O2 and glucose to respiring cells in muscles
More aerobic respiration
More energy released
More muscular contractions
Run away from danger faster

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16
Q

Adrenaline impact on lungs

A

Increased breathing rate
More O2
More aerobic respiration
More energy released
More muscular contractions
Run away from danger faster

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17
Q

Adrenaline impact on arterioles in muscles

A

Dilated - increased blood flow
More O2 and glucose
More aerobic respiration
More energy released
More muscular contractions
Run away faster from danger

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18
Q

Adrenaline impact on arterioles in digestive system

A

Constrict - decrease blood flow
No need for digestion to occur
More glucose/O2 used in respiration
More aerobic respiration
More energy released
More muscular contractions
Run away faster from danger

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19
Q

Adrenaline impact on liver - (glycogen)

A

Glucagon released to convert glycogen to glucose - released into blood
More glucose available for aerobic respiration
More energy released
More muscular contractions
Run away faster from danger

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20
Q

Adrenaline impact on eyes

A

Pupils dilate - circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract
Allows more light to enter the retina
Can see surroundings/danger better

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21
Q

Adrenaline impact on skin hairs

A

Stand up
Appear larger and scarier

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22
Q

Adrenaline impact on brain

A

Mental awareness increases
Therefore mental alertness increases
React faster

23
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Maintaining a constant environment in the body

24
Q

Negative feedback

A

Whenever a change occurs in the system, this automatically gets corrected to reverse the original change and bring the system back to the set point (normal)

25
Q

Osmoregulation - when water level increases

A

Drink water
Water level increases
Change detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Less ADH released by pituitary gland
Collecting duct less permeable
Less water reabsorbed
Urine has a lower concentration and higher volume
Reduces water level back to set point

26
Osmoregulation - when water level decreases
Exercise Water level decreases Change detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus More ADH released by pituitary gland Collecting duct more permeable More water reabsorbed Urine has a higher concentration and lowee volume Increases water level back to set point
27
Body temperature increases
Hot environment Body temperature increases Change detected by heat receptors Hairs lie flat - don’t trap heat - no insulation Sweat more - heat loss via evaporation Vasodilation - more blood to surface of the skin, lose heat via radiation Body temperature decreases
28
Body temperature decreases
Cold environment Body temperature decreases Change detected by heat receptors Hairs stand - trap heat - insulation Sweat less - less heat loss via evaporation Vasoconstriction - less blood to surface of the skin, less heat loss via radiation Body temperature increases
29
Average body temperature in humans
37 degrees celcius
30
How does organism size affect the speed of cooling down
Smaller organisms cool down faster as they have a higher SA:V - less area for heat to transfer
31
Body reaction to glucose levels increasing
Eat a meal Increase blood glucose Change detected by pancreas Pancreas releases insulin Converts glucose to glycogen Decreases blood glucose Back to normal level
32
Body reaction to glucose levels decreasing
Exercise Decrease blood glucose Change detected by pancreas Pancreas releases glucagon Converts into glucose Increases blood glucose Back to normal level
33
Plant response to light - uniform
Auxin distributed evenly on each side of shoot - mitosis stimulated evenly on each cell - cell elongation same - plant grows towards the light - more photosynthesis
34
Plant response to light - unidirectional
Auxin accumulates on dark side - more mitosis/elongation on dark side - grow faster - bending towards the light - more photosynthesis
35
Shoots
Positively phototropic: - accumulates more auxin on dark side - cells elongate faster on shaded side - bend towards light Negatively geotropic - when a shoot grows sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip with more auxin on the lower side - lower side grows faster - bends shoot upwards
36
Roots
Positively geotropic: - when a root grows sideways, it will have more auxin on the lower side - extra auxin inhibits growth - cells on top elongate faster - root bends downwards Negatively phototropic: - if a root becomes exposed to some light, more auxin accumulates on the shaded side - the auxin inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side - root bends downwards back into the ground
38
Adrenaline
Produced in adrenal gland Prepares body for physical activity - ‘fight or flight’ response Increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level
39
what do receptors do
detect stimuli include sense organs (eyes etc) and cells that detect external stimuli (rod and cone cells)
40
what do effectors do
bring about a response to a stimuli include muscles and glands found in glands
41
how do receptors and effects communicate
nervous system, hormonal system or sometimes both
42
what does the central nervous system consist of
brain and spinal cord only
43
types of neurone in the CNS
sensory relay motor
44
what happens when receptors in a sense organ detect a stimulus (CNS)
send electrical impulses along sensory neurones to the CNS CNS then sends electrical impulses to effector via motor neurones Effector then responds accordingly
45
job of the CNS
Coordinate a response
46
what do coordinated responses always need
stimulus, receptor and effector
47
what do synapses do
connect neurones nerve signal is transferred via chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap these chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
48
what do reflexes help to prevent
injury
49
what are reflexes
automatic responses to certain stimuli
50
what is a reflex arc
the route taken by the information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) passes through the central nervous system
51
reflex arc through CNS process (6 steps)
1. neurones in reflex arcs go through spinal cord or unconscious part of the brain 2. when a stimulus is detected by receptor, an impulse is sent along sensory neurone to CNS 3. sensory neurone passes on message to relay neurone 4. relay neurones relay the information to a motor neurone 5. impulse travels along motor neurone to the effector (e.g. a muscle) 6. muscle contracts and reacts to stimulus
52
block diagram for reflex arc
stimulus --> receptor --> sensory neurone --> CNS --> motor neurone --> effector --> response
53
hormone in plants that controls growth
auxin

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