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Biology main > Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype definition

A

Alleles that an organism possesses for a certain characteristic

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2
Q

Phenotype definition

A

Observable characteristic of an organism

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3
Q

Gene definition

A

Sections of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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4
Q

Allele definition

A

An alternative form of a gene

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5
Q

Dominant definition

A

Allele of gene that is expressed

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6
Q

Recessive definition

A

Allele not expressed in phenotype when dominant allele is present

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7
Q

Codominant definition

A

Neither allele is expressed in dominant so both are expressed in phenotype

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8
Q

Homozygous definition

A

Both chromosomes have the same allele

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9
Q

Heterozygous definition

A

Both chromosomes contain one of each allele

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Human body cells are diploid
46 chromosomes

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11
Q

Haploid

A

Half
23 chromosomes

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12
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix (two strands coiled together)
Two strands held together by bases:
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Always A-T and C-G (complementary base pairing)

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13
Q

Male reproductive part of a plant

A

Stamen

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14
Q

Female reproductive part of a plant

A

Carpel

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15
Q

Anther

A

Contains pollen grains - these produce male gametes (sperm)

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16
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive part
Consists of anther and filament

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17
Q

Filament

A

Stalk that supports the anther

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18
Q

Carpel

A

Female reproductive part
Consists of the ovary, style and stigma

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19
Q

Stigma

A

The end part that the pollen grains attach to

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20
Q

Style

A

Rod-like section that supports the stigma

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21
Q

Ovary (plant)

A

Contains female gametes (eggs) inside ovules

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22
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gametes can fertilise the female gametes in sexual reproduction

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23
Q

Cross - pollination

A

Type of sexual reproduction where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another
Rely on insects/wind to help them pollinate

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24
Q

Plants adaptations for insect pollination

A

Stamen enclosed - insect must make contact
Stigma enclosed - insect makes contact
Sticky stigma - pollen grains from insects can attach
Large, colourful petals - attract insects
Nectary is present - sweet to attract insects
Large, sticky pollen grains with hooks to hook to fur of insect

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25
Plants adaptations for wind pollination
Stamen exposed - easily blows pollen away Stigma exposed - can catch wind and blow pollen away Stigma feathery - can catch wind and pollen grains Small petals - no need to be bright - no need to attract Nectary not present - no need to attract anything Smaller, smoother pollen grains to carry in the wind
26
Fertilisation definition
The fusion of gametes
27
Fertilisation in plants
1. Pollen lands on stigma 2. Pollen tube grows out of pollen grain and down through the style to the ovary and into the ovule 3. A nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovule 4. Fertilisation is when the two nuclei fuse together to make a zygote 5. This divides via mitosis to form an embryo 6. Each fertilised female gamete forms a seed 7. The ovary develops into a fruit around the seed
28
What is germination
When seeds start to grow
29
Conditions needed for germination
Water - activate enzymes to break down food reserves in seed Oxygen - respiration for energy Warmth - for enzymes
30
Where do germinating seeds get energy from
Food stores - gets glucose for respiration from its own food store, which transfers the energy needed to grow Once it has grown enough to produce green leaves it can get its own energy from photosynthesis
31
Asexual reproduction in plants examples
Runners - strawberry plants
32
How can asexual reproduction be used to clone plants
Take cuttings from parent plants with desired characteristics Plant them to produce genetically indentical copies of the parent plant These plants can be produced quickly and cheaply
33
Male gametes
Sperm
34
Testis
Where sperm is produced
35
Urethra
A tube which carries sperm through the penis during ejaculation Urine also passes through the urethra to exit the body
36
Sperm duct
Muscular tube that carries sperm from testes to urethra
37
Glands
Produce liquid that is addd to sperm to make semen
38
Female gametes
Eggs/ova - produced every 28 days from an ovary
39
What happens after an egg is produced
Passes into fallopian tube where it might meet the sperm If it is fertilised: ovum starts to divide If it isn’t fertilised: ovum will break up and pass out of the vagina
40
Fallopian tube
Also known as oviduct Muscular tube that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
41
Uterus
The organ where an embryo grows
42
Ovary
Organ that produces ova and sex hormones
43
Vagina
Where sperm is deposited
44
Role of oestrogen
Trigger development of female secondary sexual characteristics Stimulates the release of LH Produced in the ovaries Develops uterus lining
45
Role of testosterone
Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
46
What does oestrogen cause - female
Extra hair on underarms and pubic area Hips widen Development of breasts Ovum release and start of periods
47
What does testosterone cause - male
Extra hair on face and body Muscles to develop Penis and testicles enlarge Sperm production Deepening of voice
48
How many stages does the menstrual cycle have
4
49
Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
Stage 1: day 1 - menstruation begins - uterus lining breaks down for around 4 days Stage 2: days 4-14 - uterus lining builds up again, thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready for implantation of fertilised egg Stage 3: day 14 - ovulation - egg develops and is released from ovary Stage 4: days 14-28 - wall is maintained - if no fertilised egg then the lining breaks down again and the process repeats
50
Progesterone
Produced in ovaries Maintains uterus lining (second half of cycle) Inhibits release of LH and FSH
51
LH
Simulates ovulation Produced in pituitary gland
52
FSH
Maturation of the egg Produced in pituitary gland
53
Once an ovum has been fertilised, what does it develop into
Embryo In the later stages of pregnancy, it becomes a foetus
54
Placenta
No physical connection between circulatory systems of embryo and mother - prevents blood mixing Diffusion: - glucose and oxygen diffuse into embryos blood stream to allow respiration - removes waste products such as CO2 These pass through the umbilical cord
55
Adaptations of placenta
Large SA - villi Good blood supply - maintain concentration
56
Amniotic fluid
Produced by amniotic sac Protects the foetus from jolts and bumps
57
Male chromosomes
XY
58
Female chromosomes
XX
59
What is genetic variation caused by
Genes
60
What is most variation caused by
Genetic and environmental factors
61
Genetic factors affecting variation
Eye colour Hair colour Inherited disorders Blood type
62
Environmental factors affecting variation
Health problems caused by lifestyle choice (e.g. smoking/junk food) Intelligence - upbringing/school life Sporting ability - although genes may determine potential, training is environmental
63
What are plants strongly affected by (environmental variation)
Sunlight Competition Moisture level Temperature Mineral content of the soil
64
Theory of evolution
Life began as simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved
65
How did Darwin come up with the theory of evolution
By natural selection
66
Natural selection points
- organisms in a species show variation - resources are limited - competition for resources to survive - organisms with the most suitable characteristics for the environment will be more successful competitors and so will have better chance of survival - the successful organisms will survive and reproduce - genes are passed onto offspring - repeated over generations

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